Toxicity and some enzymatic properties and activities in the venoms of Crotalidae, Elapidae and Viperidae

Kocholaty, Walter F.; Ledford, Edith B.; Daly, Joyce G.; Billings, Thomas A.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(71)90006-7

Cited by 118 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Aird and Silva Jr. [12] detected PLA 2 activity against phosphatidylcholine in venoms of 11 coralsnake taxa. Echoing the earlier finding of Kocholaty [150], all but M. surinamensis venom exhibited higher PLA 2 activity than the two outgroup species, Bothrops moojeni and Naja kaouthia ; however, such data provide little indication of what types of PLA 2 are present. Moreover, as Silva Jr. et al [70] discovered, in some cases PLA 2 activity correlated well with PLA 2 content as revealed by chromatographic profiles ( M. surinamensis and M. l. lemniscatus , the least and most active samples, respectively), but in other cases it did not.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Coralsnake Venomics: Analyses of Venom Gland Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Six Brazilian Taxa

Aird

Silva

Qiu

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes of six Micrurus taxa (M. corallinus, M. lemniscatus carvalhoi, M. lemniscatus lemniscatus, M. paraensis, M. spixii spixii, and M. surinamensis) were investigated, providing the most comprehensive, quantitative data on Micrurus venom composition to date, and more than tripling the number of Micrurus venom protein sequences previously available. The six venomes differ dramatically. All are dominated by 2–6 toxin classes that account for 91–99% of the toxin transcripts. The M. s. spixii venome is compositionally the simplest. In it, three-finger toxins (3FTxs) and phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) comprise >99% of the toxin transcripts, which include only four additional toxin families at levels ≥0.1%. Micrurus l. lemniscatus venom is the most complex, with at least 17 toxin families. However, in each venome, multiple structural subclasses of 3FTXs and PLA2s are present. These almost certainly differ in pharmacology as well. All venoms also contain phospholipase B and vascular endothelial growth factors. Minor components (0.1–2.0%) are found in all venoms except that of M. s. spixii. Other toxin families are present in all six venoms at trace levels (<0.005%). Minor and trace venom components differ in each venom. Numerous novel toxin chemistries include 3FTxs with previously unknown 8- and 10-cysteine arrangements, resulting in new 3D structures and target specificities. 9-cysteine toxins raise the possibility of covalent, homodimeric 3FTxs or heterodimeric toxins with unknown pharmacologies. Probable muscarinic sequences may be reptile-specific homologs that promote hypotension via vascular mAChRs. The first complete sequences are presented for 3FTxs putatively responsible for liberating glutamate from rat brain synaptosomes. Micrurus C-type lectin-like proteins may have 6–9 cysteine residues and may be monomers, or homo- or heterodimers of unknown pharmacology. Novel KSPIs, 3× longer than any seen previously, appear to have arisen in three species by gene duplication and fusion. Four species have transcripts homologous to the nociceptive toxin, (MitTx) α-subunit, but all six species had homologs to the β-subunit. The first non-neurotoxic, non-catalytic elapid phospholipase A2s are reported. All are probably myonecrotic. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the six taxa diverged 15–35 million years ago and that they split from their last common ancestor with Old World elapines nearly 55 million years ago. Given their early diversification, many cryptic micrurine taxa are anticipated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Kocholaty et al [150] found that Micrurus fulvius venom exhibited higher PLA 2 activity than venoms of several species of Bungarus and Naja , and Ophiophagus hannah . Ramsey et al [151] fractionated M. fulvius venom on CM-Cellulose and found PLA 2 activity in every fraction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coralsnake Venomics: Analyses of Venom Gland Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Six Brazilian Taxa

Aird

Silva

Qiu

et al. 2017

Toxins

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“…The common krait venom has indirectly hemolytic property. Phospholipase A2 causes hemolysis by lysing the phospholipid cell membrane of the red blood cells [5]. 4) Acetylcholinesterase: The venom of Bungarus caeruleus contains nine times more amount of cholinesterase as compared with venom of cobra [6].…”

Section: Indian Common Krait (Bungarus Caeruleus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bungarus craeruleus (Indian common Krait) venom: An Attempt to observe the hemolytic property

Dhir¹

2016

IJSRE

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“…However, the effect in whole cells can be seen only after a considerable lag period. Since snake venoms are rich in phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that destroys cyclic AMP [14,15], they have not been considered to be activators of adenylate cyclase. Recently, however, it has been shown that some venoms can activate guanylate cyclase in various tissues [ 161.…”

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Enhancement of adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate in human mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes by snake venoms

Štolc

1984

American J Hematol

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Snake venoms contain compound(s) that enhanced cyclic AMP content in human mononuclear leukocytes maximally after 5 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. The effect was time- and dose-dependent. The half-maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP production by black cobra venom was found at 0.45 micrograms of venom/ml and the value of the Hill coefficient was 0.7. The black cobra venom enhanced the cyclic AMP content in the cells at 4, 22, and 37 degrees C. Similar increase in the cyclic AMP content by six snake venoms was found in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The most active venom was from puff adder (Bitis arietans). The data suggest that one of the effects of the snake venoms may be rapid enhancement of cyclic AMP level in the affected cells.

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Toxicity and some enzymatic properties and activities in the venoms of Crotalidae, Elapidae and Viperidae

Cited by 118 publications

References 15 publications

Coralsnake Venomics: Analyses of Venom Gland Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Six Brazilian Taxa

Coralsnake Venomics: Analyses of Venom Gland Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Six Brazilian Taxa

Bungarus craeruleus (Indian common Krait) venom: An Attempt to observe the hemolytic property

Enhancement of adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate in human mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes by snake venoms

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