Toxicity and Safety Testing

Kirchner, Debra; Henwood, Susan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00012-2

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Dead bacteria usually do not cause acute cell death. However, the lipopolysaccharide complex associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogen, also termed endoxin, is a strong fever-inducing (pyrogenic) agent [33]. The LAL assay ensures injectable therapeutics are safe for human use determining that the product is endotoxin-free.…”

Section: Contamination With Bacteria/endotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial Biological Assessment of Upconversion Nanohybrids

et al. 2021

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Nanoparticles for medical use should be non-cytotoxic and free of bacterial contamination. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) coated with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) made by combining UCNPs free of oleic acid, here termed bare UCNPs (UCn), and CB[7], i.e., UC@CB[7] nanohybrids, could be used as photoactive inorganic-organic hybrid scaffolds for biological applications. UCNPs, in general, are not considered to be highly toxic materials, but the release of fluorides and lanthanides upon their dissolution may cause cytotoxicity. To identify potential adverse effects of the nanoparticles, dehydrogenase activity of endothelial cells, exposed to various concentrations of the UCNPs, was determined. Data were verified by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as the indicator of loss of plasma membrane integrity, which indicates necrotic cell death. This assay, in combination with calcein AM/Ethidium homodimer-1 staining, identified induction of apoptosis as main mode of cell death for both particles. The data showed that the UCNPs are not cytotoxic to endothelial cells, and the samples did not contain endotoxin contamination. Higher cytotoxicity, however, was seen in HeLa and RAW 264.7 cells. This may be explained by differences in lysosome content and particle uptake rate. Internalization of UCn and UC@CB[7] nanohybrids by cells was demonstrated by NIR laser scanning microscopy.

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Section: Contamination With Bacteria/endotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%