Toxicity and Antibiotic Activity of Kojic Acid Produced by<i>Aspergillus luteo-virescens</i>

Morton, Harry E.; Kocholaty, Walter F.; Junowicz-Kocholaty, R.; Kelner, Albert

doi:10.1128/jb.50.5.579-584.1945

Cited by 43 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Kojic acid was the first compound to be isolated from Aspergillus oryzae (Yabuta 1912 , 1922 ; Birkinshaw et al 1931 ; Jennings and Williams 1945 ; Parrish et al 1966 ; Morton et al 1945 ; Marston 1949 ; Bentley 2006 ). A dimer of kojic acid has been structure-elucidated as the bright greenish yellow flourescence pigment from Aspergillus flavus (Zeringue et al 1999 ).…”

Section: Secondary Metabolite Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei

Frisvad

Møller

Larsen

et al. 2018

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

238

269

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This review presents an update on the current knowledge of the secondary metabolite potential of the major fungal species used in industrial biotechnology, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. These species have a long history of safe use for enzyme production. Like most microorganisms that exist in a challenging environment in nature, these fungi can produce a large variety and number of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds present several properties that make them attractive for different industrial and medical applications. A description of all known secondary metabolites produced by these species is presented here. Mycotoxins are a very limited group of secondary metabolites that can be produced by fungi and that pose health hazards in humans and other vertebrates when ingested in small amounts. Some mycotoxins are species-specific. Here, we present scientific basis for (1) the definition of mycotoxins including an update on their toxicity and (2) the clarity on misclassification of species and their mycotoxin potential reported in literature, e.g., A. oryzae has been wrongly reported as an aflatoxin producer, due to misclassification of Aspergillus flavus strains. It is therefore of paramount importance to accurately describe the mycotoxins that can potentially be produced by a fungal species that is to be used as a production organism and to ensure that production strains are not capable of producing mycotoxins during enzyme production. This review is intended as a reference paper for authorities, companies, and researchers dealing with secondary metabolite assessment, risk evaluation for food or feed enzyme production, or considerations on the use of these species as production hosts.

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Section: Secondary Metabolite Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei

Frisvad

Møller

Larsen

et al. 2018

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

238

269

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone) is a secondary fungal metabolite (Cole and Cox, 1981;Morton et al, 1945) commonly produced by many species of Aspergillus, Acetobactor and Penicillium (Parrish et al, 1956). Of these, the Aspergillus flavus group has traditionally been used in Japan for the production of fermented foodstuffs such as "miso", soy sauce, and "sake."…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of thyroid iodine uptake and organification in rats treated with kojic acid

Tamura¹

1999

Toxicological Sciences

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In order to elucidate the mechanisms of reduction of serum thyroid hormones caused by continuous administration of kojic acid (KA) and its thyroid tumor-promotion effects, male F344 rats were given pulverized basal diet containing 0.008%, 0.03%, 0.125%, 0.5%, or 2% KA for 4 weeks. As an untreated control group, additional rats were given basal diet alone for the same period. The thyroid 125I uptake was significantly decreased in the groups receiving 0.03% or more. In addition, significant reduction of organic formation of iodine and serum T3 and T4 levels were observed in the 2% KA group along with pronounced elevation of serum (TSH). Both absolute and relative thyroid weights were significantly increased in the groups receiving 0.5% of KA or more. Histopathologically, decreased colloid in the thyroid follicles and follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroid were apparent at high incidences in the groups given 0.03% or more. In addition, thyroid capsular fibrosis was evident in all rats of the 2% KA group. In quantitative morphometrical analysis, the ratio of the area of follicular epithelial cells to the area of colloids was significantly increased in the groups given 0.03% KA or more. The results suggest that KA alteration of thyroid-related hormone levels in the 2% KA group are due to inhibition of iodide uptake and iodine organification in the thyroid, with tumor-promoting effects on development of thyroid proliferative lesions, probably secondary to prolonged serum TSH stimulation resulting from negative feedback through the pituitary-thyroid axis.

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“…Kojic acid possesses antibiotic properties against gram-negative as well as gram-positive organisms. A list of microorganisms inhibited by kojic acid was given by Morton and co-workers (29).…”

Section: Oxalic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxins other than aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus.

Wilson¹

1966

Bacteriological Reviews

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Toxicity and Antibiotic Activity of Kojic Acid Produced byAspergillus luteo-virescens

Abstract: I This project has been supported by the Thos. H. Dougherty, Jr., Fund, and by grants from Smith, Kline and French Laboratories and the Department of Agriculture, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei

Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei

Inhibition of thyroid iodine uptake and organification in rats treated with kojic acid

Toxins other than aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus.

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