Toxicities of Peppermint and Pycnanthemun albescens Oils, fam. Labiateae

Eickholt, Theodore H.; Box, Roger H.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600540732

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…50 LD 50 values have been reported for peppermint essential oil at varying doses in the range 2410 -4441 mg/kg in rats. 20,51,52 Whereas in mice, an LD 50 >1600 mg/kg has been documented for peppermint oil 24 and at an acute dose of 0.2 ml/kg, it has not only been shown to prolong pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time but also to chronically potentiate midazolam motor incoordination. 17 Menthol isomers (L-menthol, D-menthol and D/L-menthol) present in peppermint oil 24 have been shown to produce low acute oral toxicity with LD 50 values typically >2000 mg/kg in rats and mice.…”

Section: Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological effects ofMentha x piperita(peppermint): a review

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) is a medicinal plant with significant pharmacological and therapeutic activities but side effects and detrimental impacts on health have been described. Herein, we studied the literature concerning the reported inherent toxicity of peppermint. Accordingly, we classified peppermint and its main constituents in acute, subacute, chronic, developmental toxicity and cytotoxicity studies. The review outcome revealed that peppermint and its main constituents (pulegone, menthone, menthol and menthofuran) exhibit some evidence of moderate toxicity. Peppermint and its menthol isomers possess no major innate mutagenic, genotoxic or embryotoxic properties. However, there is evidence that peppermint essential oil interacts appreciably with cytochrome P450 isoenzymes to reduce or prevent their activities in rat and human liver microsomes and this has a substantial clinical implication for drug metabolism. Moreover, peppermint essential oil is contraindicated in patients with bile duct obstruction, gall bladder inflammation and liver disorders. In patients with gastrointestinal reflux or hiatus hernia, its use should be exercised with caution because it may exacerbate the symptoms of gastrointestinal reflux.

show abstract

Section: Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological effects ofMentha x piperita(peppermint): a review

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It had a 24 hour oral LD 50 of 4441 mg/kg in fasted Wistar rats whereas the 48 hour LD 50 was 2426 mg/kg. [7] Unfortunately the precise amount of PPMT oil ingested could not be ascertained in the case described here. In management of overdose of peppermint oil ingestion, role of activated charcoal has also been described[8] and it can also be tried.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A near fatal case of high dose peppermint oil ingestion- Lessons learnt

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Peppermint oil is easily available as a constituent of medicines. A near fatal case due to ingestion of toxic dose of oral peppermint oil is being reported. The patient came in a comatosed state and was in shock. She was managed with mechanical ventilation and ionotropes. Her vital parameters reached normal within 8 hours and became conscious by 24 hours. The side effects of peppermint oil are considered to be mild but this case report warns that ingestion of oral toxic doses of peppermint oil could be dangerous.

show abstract

“…Peppermint Oil USP had a 24-hour oral LD 50 of 4441 mg/kg in fasted Wistar rats; the 48-hour LD 50 was 2426 mg/kg (Eickholt and Box 1965). Ohsumi et al (1984) reported an oral LD 50 of 2410 mg/kg in fasted mice for Peppermint Oil diluted in olive oil.…”

Section: Acute Oral Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 24-hour intraperitoneal LD 50 for Peppermint Oil USP was 819 mg/kg in Wistar male rats (Eickholt and Box 1965).…”

Section: Acute Parenteral Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, and Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water

Andersen¹

2001

International Journal of Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, MenthaPiperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water are obtained from the Mentha piperita plant. The oil is currently used in cosmetic formulations as a fragrance component, but previously had been also described as a denaturant. The extract and leaves are described as biological additives, but only the extract is reported to be used. Peppermint Water is described as a avoring agent or fragrance component, but is not currently in use. Peppermint Oil is used at a concentration of ·3% in rinse-off formulations and ·0.2% in leave-on formulations. Peppermint Oil is composed primarily of menthol and menthone. Other possible constituents include pulegone, menthofuran, and limone. Most of the safety test data concern Peppermint Oil. The oil is considered to present the "worst case scenario" because of its many constituents, so data on the oil were considered relevant to the entire group of ingredients. Peppermint Oil was minimally toxic in acute oral studies. Short-term and subchronic oral studies reported cystlike lesions in the cerebellum in rats that were given doses of Peppermint Oil containing pulegone, pulegone alone, or large amounts (>200 mg/kg/day) of menthone. Pulegone is also a recognized hepatotoxin. Repeated intradermal dosing with Peppermint Oil produced moderate and severe reactions in rabbits, although Peppermint Oil did not appear to be phototoxic. Peppermint Oil was negative in the Ames test and a mouse lymphoma mutagenesis assay but gave equivocal results in a Chinese hamster broblast cell chromosome aberration assay. In a carcinogenicity study of toothpaste and its components, no apparent differences were noted between mice treated with Peppermint Oil and those treated with the toothpaste base. Isolated clinical cases of irritation and/or sensitization to Peppermint Oil and/or its constituents have been reported, but Peppermint Oil (8%) was not a sensitizer when tested using a maximization protocol. It was expected that dermal absorption of Peppermint Oil would be rapid, following that of menthol, a major component, but in no case would be greater than absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the toxicity of pulegone, the safe concentration of this constituent was limited to ·1%. This concentration was achievable both by controlling the time of harvest and processing technique. There is evidence that menthol can enhance penetration of other

show abstract

Toxicities of Peppermint and Pycnanthemun albescens Oils, fam. Labiateae

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Toxicological effects ofMentha x piperita(peppermint): a review

Toxicological effects ofMentha x piperita(peppermint): a review

A near fatal case of high dose peppermint oil ingestion- Lessons learnt

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, and Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About