Toxic Potential of Traditionally Consumed Mushroom Species—A Controversial Continuum with Many Unanswered Questions

Abstract

Mushroom poisonings remain a significant cause of emergency medicine. While there are well-known species, such as Amanita phalloides, causing life-threatening poisonings, there is also accumulating evidence of poisonings related to species that have been considered edible and are traditionally consumed. In particular, the Tricholoma equestre group was reported to cause myotoxicity. In addition, particular wild mushrooms that are traditionally consumed especially in Asia and Eastern Europe have been subject to suspicion due to possible mutagenicity. Hitherto, the causative agents of these effects often remain to be determined, and toxicity studies have yielded contradictory results. Due to this, there is no consensus about the safety of these species. The issue is further complicated by difficulties in species identification and other possible sources of toxicity, such as microbiological contamination during storage, leading to sometimes opposite conclusions about the edibility of a species. This review focuses on existing data about these types of mushroom poisonings, including the still sparse knowledge about the causative chemical agents. In addition, the aim is to initiate a meta-discussion about the issue and to give some suggestions about how to approach the situation from the viewpoint of the collector, the researcher, and the practicing physician.

Effect of Four-in-One Optimized Emergency Nursing Procedure on Symptoms and Vital Signs of Patients with Mushroom Poisoning

“…At present, the “four-in-one” optimized emergency nursing procedure has been applied to the rescue of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, venous thromboembolism, and acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with good results [ 12 , 13 ]. Some studies have found that using the “four-in-one” emergency nursing procedure to treat poisoning patients can help improve the patient survival rate [ 14 , 15 ].…”

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“…Tangkai berwarna coklat gelap, tanpa cincin, permukaan dengan benang halus, menempel ke tudung pada posisi central, tipe penempelan pada substrat berupa basal tomentum, dan tidak berongga (solid). Cortinarius merupakan JPE yang memiliki banyak spesies dan tersebar di seluruh bagian dunia (Harrower et al, 2015;Niskanen et al, 2016). Hingga saat ini tercatat sebanyak 5639 spesies dan varietas dari Cortinarius berdasarkan data dari indexfungorum.…”

Update on potential of edible mushrooms: high‐value compounds, extraction strategies and bioactive properties

“…They are an appreciated nutritional source due to their low calorific value and their high carbohydrate content, valuable proteins, dietary fibre, minerals (high level of K and P, low Na levels and considerable amounts of some microelements as Cu, Pb and Fe; Gąsecka et al ., 2021) and vitamins, such as vitamin D (Guo et al ., 2019), low‐fat contents with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Jacinto‐Acevedo et al ., 2021) and, also, secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds and betalains (Rodrigues Barbosa et al ., 2020). It should also be noted that toxic compounds were identified in species traditionally considered edible so that scientific evidence in this field is relevant in order to prevent myotoxicity effects (Nieminen & Mustonen, 2020).…”