The ocean continues to provide a plethora of unique scaffolds capable of remarkable biological applications. A large number of pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, including discorhabdins, epinardins, batzellines, makaluvamines, and veiutamine have already been isolated from marine organisms. A class of pyrroloiminoquinone-related alkaloids known as bispyrroloquinones is the focus of this review. This family of marine alkaloids, which contain an aryl substituted bispyrroloquinone ring system, includes three subclasses of alkaloids namely, wakayin, tsitsikammamines A-B and zyzzyanones A-D. Both wakayin and the tsitsikammamines contain a tetracyclic fused bispyrroloiminoquinone ring system, while zyzzyanones contain a fused tricyclic bispyrroloquinone ring system.
The unique chemical structures of these marine natural products and their diverse biological properties, including antifungal and antimicrobial activity, as well as the potent, albeit generally nonspecific and universal cytotoxicities, have attracted great interest of synthetic chemists over the past three decades. Tsitsikammamines, wakayin, and several of their analogues show inhibition of topoisomerases. One additional possible mechanism of anticancer activity of tsitsikammamines analogues that was discovered recently is through the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, an enzyme involved in tumoral immune resistance. This review discusses the isolation, synthesis, and bioactivities of bispyrroloquinone alkaloids and their analogues.