Toxic neuropathies

A common theme for axonopathies? The dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis

“…Sensory neurons (SN, green) are pseudo-unipolar: they have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia detached from their main axon via a short stem axon; the sensory neuron shown here is a myelinated Aβ-type low-threshold mechanoreceptor forming the longest fibres in our bodies; they project from the skin of our toes (lower arrow head) into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where they form a branch that projects through the dorsal column white matter tract up to the brain stem (upper arrow head; Crawford & Caterina, 2019). Under each neuron type those axonopathies are listed that have their main lesion in this part of the nervous system (as listed in Box 2): HSP/hereditary spastic paraplegias; ALS/amyotrophic lateral scleroses, AMN/adrenomyeloneuropathy, SMA/spinal muscular atrophies, CMT/Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases, dHMN/distal hereditary motor neuropathies, GAN/giant axonal neuropathy, HSAN/hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] BOX 1 Examples of acquired axonopathies (a) Physiological ageing; dying back pathology, axon swellings (Calkins, 2013;Chung et al, 2017;Marner et al, 2003;Salvadores et al, 2017) (b) Trauma; Wallerian degeneration (Bradke, Fawcett, & Spira, 2012;Curcio & Bradke, 2018) (c) Metabolic neuropathies (Minagar, 2010) • Vitamin E deficiency; dying back pathology, axonal swellings (Kohlschütter, 2009;Lampert, 1967) • Diabetic peripheral neuropathy/DPN; stocking-glove (Brandner, 2014) • Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies/CIPN; dying back pathology (Fukuda, Li, & Segal, 2017;Malacrida, Meregalli, Rodriguez-Menendez, & Nicolini, 2019;Zajączkowska et al, 2019) • Alcoholic neuropathy; dying back pathology {Chopra,…”