Toxic metal emissions from incineration: Mechanisms and control

Linak, William P.; Wendt, Jost O.L.

doi:10.1016/0360-1285(93)90014-6

Cited by 430 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Although oxidation is feasible as has been demonstrated, the resultant oxides could form a submicrometer mode that is difficult to capture. 5,25,90 Wu et al 171 have demonstrated the effectiveness of a novel methodology for mercury capture in combustion environments. They extended the in situ sorbent oxide formation methodology developed for the capture of heavy metals 77,153 by using titanium-based precursors in conjunction with ultraviolet irradiation.…”

Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in coal the metals may be present as included, inherent, and excluded mineral matter. 5 The resultant fate of a metal in the combustor depends on the form in which the metal enters the combustor, as is discussed later. Table 2 are metal-emission concentrations for several different types of sources reported in some of the studies in the literature.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Toxic Metals Entering Various Combustorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…118 Nucleation is an important and critical step in the formation of the submicrometer mode of metallic particles emissions from combustors. 5 However, very few studies of nucleation processes for supersaturated metal vapors 119 have been carried out. A probable reason is the extremely high supersaturation required for metal nucleation.…”

Section: Characteristic Times For Aerosol Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the temperature decreases downstream, they may nucleate and grow to form a submicrometer-sized aerosol that is difficult to capture in conventional air-pollution control devices. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Fine particles may pose enhanced health risks; 7 thus, EPA is considering modifying the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter. 8 The metallic species have been reported to be enriched in combustion exhausts (compared to their concentrations in the feed).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Biswas

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

172

123

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This paper constitutes a review of the control of toxic metal emissions using sorbents. The objective of sorbent-injection methods is to effectively capture the metal species (preferably transform it to an environmentally benign form) and to suppress the fraction in the submicrometer mode. The design of an effective sorbent-injection methodology thus requires an understanding of the fate of the metallic species and its transformation pathways (transfer to the gas phase, subsequent chemistry at high temperatures, and aerosol formation and growth dynamics) in the combustor. Several different sorbent methodologies used for metals capture are discussed, and a mechanistic description is provided. The need for further experimentation and pilot scale testing is also emphasized.

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Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concentrations Of Toxic Metals Entering Various Combustorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristic Times For Aerosol Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Biswas

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

172

123

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“…During pulverized coal combustion, the trace elements in the fuel usually undergo complicated chemical and physical transformations, and a fraction is eventually emitted to the atmosphere as dust or vapor [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Due to the adverse health effect [1], it is desirable to control the emission of trace elements from coal-fired power stations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal

Glarborg

Frandsen

et al. 2013

Fuel Processing Technology

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Trace element partitioning in co-combustion of a bituminous coal and a solid recovered fuel (SRF) was studied in an entrained flow reactor. The experiments were carried out at conditions similar to pulverized coal combustion, with SRF shares of 7.9 wt.% (wet basis), 14.8 wt.% and 25.0 wt.%. In addition, the effect of additives such as NaCl, PVC, ammonium sulphate, and kaolinite on trace element partitioning was investigated. The trace elements studied were As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb and Zn, since these elements were significantly enriched in SRF as compared to coal. During the experiments, bottom ash was collected in a chamber, large fly ash particles were collected by a cyclone with a cut-off diameter of~2.5 μm, and the remaining fly ash particles were gathered in a filter. It was found that when coal was co-fired with SRF, the As, Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn content in filter ash/cyclone ash increased almost linearly with their content in fuel ash. This linear tendency was affected when the fuels were mixed with additives. The volatility of trace elements during combustion was assessed by applying a relative enrichment (RE) factor, and TEM-EDS analysis was conducted to provide qualitative interpretations. The results indicated that As, Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn were highly volatile when co-firing coal and SRF, whereas the volatility of Cr was relatively low. Compared with coal combustion, co-firing of coal and SRF slightly enhanced the volatility of Cd, Pb and Zn, but reduced the volatility of Cr and Sb. The Cl-based additives increased the volatility of Cd, Pb and As, whereas addition of ammonium sulphate generally decreased the volatility of trace elements. Addition of kaolinite reduced the volatility of Pb, while the influence on other trace elements was insignificant. The results from the present work imply that trace element emission would be significantly increased when coal is co-fired with SRF, which may greatly enhance the toxicity of the dusts from coal-fired power plant. In order to minimize trace element emission in co-combustion, in addition to lowering the trace element content in SRF, utilizing SRF with low Cl content and coal with high S and aluminosilicates content would be desirable.

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UV-Broadband Light Scattering Measurements During Metallic Particle Formation in a Combustion-Like Environment

Kurz

D’Anna²,

D’Alessio

et al. 1999

Part. Part. Syst. Charact.

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The thermal evolution of aqueous solution droplets of lead and nickel nitrate was studied experimentally in a drop-tube furnace operated up to 1300 K. Dimensions and physico-chemical properties of the droplets/particles were obtained by coupling the analysis of the spectra of ultraviolet light scattered by the produced aerosol with scanning electron microscopy and numerical simulation of the scattering spectra by Mie theory. Lead nitrate forms solid hollow particles with sizes of the order of the original droplets during the drying process, whereas at higher temperature it decomposes, forming spherical micrometer-sized particles of lead oxide and even submicrometer-sized particles of pure lead. Nickel nitrate never forms solid particles owing to its high solubility in water, but precipitates as nickel hydroxide particles in the temperature range where this intermediate decomposition product is formed. At higher temperatures the decomposition of nickel hydroxide and the formation of oxide particles in the micrometer size range is observed. The mutual interaction of the salt properties were analyzed by studying the behavior of a lead±nickel nitrate mixture in the drop-tube reactor. The main peculiarity of the mixture evolution is the formation of composite particles of lead nitrate in a nickel hydroxide shell. The combined use of in situ ultraviolet spectral scattering and ex-situ scanning electron microscopy, along with the simulations of the scattering spectra by Mie theory, allows us to compile a database of scattering spectra attributed to speci®c droplets or particles of given chemical properties and size which may be useful for the continuous detection and speciation of metallic aerosols at the exit of real plants.

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Toxic metal emissions from incineration: Mechanisms and control

Cited by 430 publications

References 96 publications

Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal

UV-Broadband Light Scattering Measurements During Metallic Particle Formation in a Combustion-Like Environment

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