Toxic influence of organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlorine pesticides on cellular metabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Abstract

<jats:p> Pesticides, including organophosphate (OP), organochlorine (OC), and carbamate (CB) compounds, are widely used in agricultural and indoor purposes. OP and CB act as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that affect lots of organs such as peripheral and central nervous systems, muscles, liver, pancreas, and brain, whereas OC are neurotoxic involved in alteration of ion channels. There are several reports about metabolic disorders, hyperglycemia, and also oxidative stress in acute and chronic exposures to pesticides that are linked with diabetes and other metabolic disorders. In this respect, there are several in vitro and in vivo but few clinical studies about mechanism underlying these effects. Bibliographic databases were searched for the years 1963–2010 and resulted in 1652 articles. After elimination of duplicates or irrelevant papers, 204 papers were included and reviewed. Results indicated that OP and CB impair the enzymatic pathways involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein within cytoplasm, mitochondria, and proxisomes. It is believed that OP and CB show this effect through inhibition of AChE or affecting target organs directly. OC mostly affect lipid metabolism in the adipose tissues and change glucose pathway in other cells. As a shared mechanism, all OP, CB and OC induce cellular oxidative stress via affecting mitochondrial function and therefore disrupt neuronal and hormonal status of the body. Establishing proper epidemiological studies to explore exact relationships between exposure levels to these pesticides and rate of resulted metabolic disorders in human will be helpful. </jats:p>

Persistent organic pollutants distribution in lipoprotein fractions in relation to cardiovascular disease and cancer

“…OCPs including 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) as well as the PBDEs, which are structurally similar to PCBs, are believed to be endocrine disruptors by their interference with different hormone systems (Karami-Mohajeri and Abdollahi 2011; Li et al 2008;Vonderheide et al 2008). Furthermore, negative effects of POPs may be related to induction of proinflammatory pathways (Karami-Mohajeri and Abdollahi 2011;Gauthier and Girard 2001).…”

Neurocognitive, Mental Health, and Glucose Disorders in Farmers Exposed to Organophosphorus Pesticides

“…Environmental agents which have neurotoxic effects may cause a wide variety of problems, including mental retardation and disability as well as subtle changes in performance, which are mainly related to exposure time and the amount of the chemical agent (28). This points to a correlation between exposure to OP and mitochondrial toxicity, especially in the central nervous system (29)(30)(31). OPs are known to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), but they can also act through non-cholinergic pathways (32) such as acylpeptide hydrolase (33), which is more sensitive than AChE to dichlorvos, the parent compound of metrifonate, a therapeutic agent used in the treatment of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.…”

Altered Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Schoolchildren Living in an Agricultural Community of Merida State, Venezuela

“…This is supported by the fact that the mean TAC level of farm-resident children was significantly reduced as compared with that of urbanresident control children. It is well accepted that stimulation of freeradical production, induction of lipid peroxidation, and disturbance of the total antioxidant capacity of the body are mechanisms of toxicity in most pesticides, including organophosphates, bipiridyl herbicides and organochlorines [74]. In the follow-up study done two years later, the most important finding was the normalization of mean platelet and absolute lymphocyte counts, however, decreased mean absolute neutrophil count was still observed.…”