Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs

Ahlborg, Ulf G.; Becking, G.C.; Birnbaum, Linda S.; Brouwer, Abraham; Derks, H.J.G.M.; Feeley, Mark; Golor, Georg; Hanberg, Annika; Larsen, Jannik Helweg; Liem, A.K.D.; Safe, Stephen; Schlatter, Christian; Wærn, Fredrik; Younes, Maged; Yrjänheikki, Erkki

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90324-7

Cited by 649 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Therefore, the classic method by the toxic equivalence factors (TEFs) was also employed to fully assess the potential toxicity of total PAHs because the TEFs of 16 individual congeners are all available in the references. 14,15 The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and sources of the EPA priority PAHs in fifteen drinking water sources (the special source part of the rivers and reservoir supplying for population drinking) from the nine cities within the Pearl River Delta region. To gain further insight into whether the drinking water is safe or not to drink by the people, the toxicity from the target PAHs in the drinking water was evaluated with both through water consumption and TEFs method in this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in drinking water sources within the Pearl River Delta

Qiao

et al. 2011

J. Environ. Monit.

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The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region is one of the most population-dense areas in China. The safety of its drinking source water is essential to human health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted attention from the scientific community and the general public due to their toxicity and wide distribution in the global environment. In this work, PAHs pollution levels from the drinking source water in nine main cities within the PRD were investigated. P 15 PAHs concentrations during the wet season varied from 32.0 to 754.8 ng L À1 in the dissolved phase, and from 13.4 to 3017.8 ng L À1 in the particulate phase. During the dry season, dissolved PAHs ranged from 48.1 to 113.6 ng L À1 , and particulate PAHs from 8.6 to 69.6 ng L À1 . Overall, P 15 PAHs concentrations were extremely high in the XC and ZHQ stations during the wet season in 2008 and 2009. In most sites, PAHs originated from mixed sources. Hazard ratios based on non-cancerous and cancerous risks were extremely higher in XC compared with the others during the wet season, though they were much less than 1. Nevertheless, risks caused by the combined toxicity of P 15 PAHs and other organics should be seriously considered. PAHs toxic equivalent quantities ranged from 0.508 to 177.077 ng L À1 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in drinking water sources within the Pearl River Delta

Qiao

et al. 2011

J. Environ. Monit.

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“…1 Owing to their physicochemical properties, these compounds are extremely resistant to chemical and biological degradation and are easily bioaccumulated through the trophic pyramid, 2,3 especially due to their lipophilic character (which causes their accumulation on fat tissues). 4,5 Therefore, the PCB contamination is a serious issue, and despite the fact that their production and use has been banned during the 1970's and 1980's, they are still detected in the ecosystem. [6][7][8] In Brazil, a law implemented in 1981 prohibits the importation, the manufacture, the use and the marketing of PCB and demands the substitution of the electric system equipments in operation only for others that do not contain PCB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in brazilian breast milk samples using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-electron capture detection

Kowalski¹,

Costa²,

Godoy³

et al. 2010

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Um método para a determinação de bifenilas policloradas (PCB) no leite materno foi desenvolvido e aplicado para avaliar a contaminação de amostras procedentes de quatro cidades brasileiras. Os PCB foram extraídos através da Microextração de Fase Sólida e analisados por Cromatografia Gasosa com Detector por Captura de Elétrons. As figuras de mérito estudadas foram linearidade (1 a 16 µg L -1 , r > 0,9884), precisão (RSD < 12%, n = 5), recuperação (71 a 127%) e limite de quantificação (entre 0,45 e 2,42 µg L -1 ). A análise das vinte amostras revelou níveis de PCB acima de 11,8 µg L -1 na região metropolitana de São Paulo, sendo o PCB 153 encontrado em todas essas amostras. Em Vitória/ES e Florianópolis/SC foram encontrados PCB em 100 e 60% das amostras, respectivamente. Nenhuma contaminação foi detectada nas amostras do Rio Branco/Acre. Sendo assim, uma alta correlação entre a contaminação dessas amostras e o nível de industrialização da região foi encontrada.A method for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in breast milk was developed and applied to evaluate the contamination of samples that proceed from four Brazilian cities. PCB were extracted by Solid-Phase Microextraction and analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector. The figures of merit studied were linearity (to 16 µg L -1 , r > 0.9884), precision (RSD < 12%, n = 5), recovery (71 to 127%) and limit of quantification (between 0.45 and 2.42 µg L -1 ). The analysis of the twenty samples revealed PCB levels above 11.8 µg L -1 in São Paulo metropolitan area being the PCB 153 found in all these samples. In Vitória/ES and Florianopolis/ SC were found PCB in 100 and 60% of the samples, respectively. No contamination was detected in the samples from Rio Branco/AC. Thus, a high correlation between the contamination of these samples and the level of industrialization of the region was found. Keywords: PCB, HS-SPME, validation, breast milk, contamination IntroductionPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) have been used commercially since 1929 as dielectric and heat exchange fluids as well as in a variety of other applications. However, the distribution of PCB in the environment was not recognized until 1966, when Jensen identified PCB in human and wildlife samples. 1 Owing to their physicochemical properties, these compounds are extremely resistant to chemical and biological degradation and are easily bioaccumulated through the trophic pyramid, 2,3 especially due to their lipophilic character (which causes their accumulation on fat tissues). 4,5 Therefore, the PCB contamination is a serious issue, and despite the fact that their production and use has been banned during the 1970's and 1980's, they are still detected in the ecosystem. [6][7][8] In Brazil, a law implemented in 1981 prohibits the importation, the manufacture, the use and the marketing of PCB and demands the substitution of the electric system equipments in operation only for others that do not contain PCB. Besides, the law prohibits to discard these equipments in sanitary l...

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“…Class Pi glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1), which is latent in normal rat liver, is a marker enzyme for pre-neoplastic hepatic foci and hepatocarcinomas [3,4]. Previously, we showed that GSTP1 was specifically induced in primary cultured rat liver parenchymal cells by 3,3h,4,4h,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PenCB) [5], one of the most toxic coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) are dioxinrelated compounds (dioxins), which exhibit various kinds of toxicity, such as hepatocarcinogenicity [6][7][8] and teratogenicity [9,10]. Recently, these compounds were recognized as disruptors of the endocrine system [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal growth factor regulation of glutathione S-transferase gene expression in the rat is mediated by class Pi glutathione S-transferase enhancer I

Matsumoto

Imagawa

Aoki

2000

Biochemical Journal

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Using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays we showed that epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor α (TGFα), and 3,3ʹ,4,4ʹ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PenCB) induce class Pi glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) in primary cultured rat liver parenchymal cells. GSTP1 enhancer I (GPEI), which is required for the stimulation of GSTP1 expression by PenCB, also mediates EGF and TGFα stimulation of GSTP1 gene expression. However, hepatocyte growth factor and insulin did not stimulate GPEI-mediated gene expression. On the other hand, the antioxidant reagents butylhydroxyanisole and t-butylhydroquinone, stimulated GPEI-mediated gene expression, but the level of GSTP1 mRNA was not elevated. Our observations suggest that EGF and TGFα induce GSTP1 by the same signal transduction pathway as PenCB. Since the sequence of GPEI is similar to that of the antioxidant responsive element (ARE), some factors which bind to ARE might play a role in GPEI-mediated gene expression.

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Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs

Cited by 649 publications

References 47 publications

Distribution, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in drinking water sources within the Pearl River Delta

Distribution, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in drinking water sources within the Pearl River Delta

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in brazilian breast milk samples using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-electron capture detection

Epidermal growth factor regulation of glutathione S-transferase gene expression in the rat is mediated by class Pi glutathione S-transferase enhancer I

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