Toxic Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neurotoxicity, Stress, and Immune Responses in Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Exposed to Waterborne Hexavalent Chromium

Abstract

Juvenile Paralichthys olivaceus were exposed to waterborne hexavalent chromium at various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L) for 10 days. After chromium exposure, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase, which are oxidative stress indicators, were significantly increased; however, the glutathione level was significantly reduced. Acetylcholinesterase activity as a neurotoxicity marker was significantly inhibited upon chromium exposure. Other stress indicators, including plasma cortisol and heat shock protein 70, were significantly increased. The immune response markers (lysozyme and immunoglobulin M) were significantly decreased after chromium exposure. These results suggest that exposure to environmental toxicity in the form of waterborne chromium at concentrations higher than 1.0 mg/L causes significant alterations in antioxidant responses, neurotransmitters, stress, and immune responses in juvenile olive flounders. This study will provide a basis for an accurate assessment of the toxic effects of hexavalent chromium on aquatic organisms.

Impact of Pollution and Toxic Stress on Fish Health: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Mitigation Strategies

“…Challenges such as overcoming different disciplinary languages, balancing various research methodologies, and navigating logistical complexities often accompany interdisciplinary and collaborative approaches [76][77][78][79][80][81]. Still, the rewards of comprehensive solutions to complex environmental problems and innovative breakthroughs highlight the need to foster a scientific culture that encourages and supports these approaches [73].…”

Captivating Colors, Crucial Roles: Astaxanthin’s Antioxidant Impact on Fish Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Performance

“…Oxidative stress holds significant ramifications for the well-being of aquatic organisms, with fish exhibiting heightened vulnerability to its perturbations [28,29]. ROS, encompassing entities such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, emerge as natural byproducts of cellular metabolic processes [2].…”

Mixture Risk Assessment of Complex Real-Life Mixtures—The PANORAMIX Project

“…For this purpose, each extract will be assessed in a panel of up to 20 well-established and carefully selected cell-based or cell-free in vitro bioassays with endpoints related to reproductive toxicity and neuro(developmental)toxicity ( Figure 2 ). This panel includes measurement of neurotoxicity in human neuronal cells, including neurite outgrowth inhibition [ 26 ], acetylcholinesterase inhibition [ 27 ] and mitochondrial toxicity [ 28 ], neurodevelopmental assessment in zebrafish embryos [ 29 ], developmental toxicity in embryoid bodies derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells [ 30 ], thyroid hormone disruption, such as binding to the transport protein transthyretin [ 31 ], inhibition of uptake and efflux of thyroid hormones [ 32 ], thyroid hormone receptor activity [ 33 ], activation/inactivation of thyroid hormones, iodide utilisation and recycling [ 32 , 34 , 35 ], oestrogen, androgen and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activities [ 36 ], genotoxicity, including identification of potential aneugenic and clastogenic activity [ 37 ], and finally measurement of oxidative stress [ 38 ].…”