Toxic effects of various solvents against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus

Ravindran, Reghu; Juliet, Sanis; Kumar, Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith; Sunil, Athalathil Ramankutty; Nair, Suresh; Amithamol, Krishnan Kavillimakkil; Rawat, Ajay Kumar Singh; Ghosh, Srikant

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.04.001

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The insignificant mortalities obtained by hexane only and hexane-extracted M. edulis are an indication that the mortality of the ticks could be coming from the hexane and not the active compounds from the M. edulis . The use of hexane and other solvents like acetone, chloroform, and butanol is not recommended in efficacy experiments because they have been shown to be very toxic especially to adult engorged ticks [ 49 ]. In this trial, hexane was however because tick larvae are not as susceptible to the toxicity of solvents compared to adult ticks as reported by Gonçalves et al and Ravindran et al in [ 45 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of hexane and other solvents like acetone, chloroform, and butanol is not recommended in efficacy experiments because they have been shown to be very toxic especially to adult engorged ticks [ 49 ]. In this trial, hexane was however because tick larvae are not as susceptible to the toxicity of solvents compared to adult ticks as reported by Gonçalves et al and Ravindran et al in [ 45 , 49 ]. Acetone, for example, one of the most toxic solvents in Adult Immersion Techniques (AIT) experiments, could only cause 10% mortality in LPTs [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The challenge is that, despite some organic solvents like acetone and chloroform being very good solvents to active components of plants, they can also dissolve the cuticle layer of ticks with fatal consequences of mortality and reduced reproductive capacity of the ticks [ 45 ]. The same can be said for other nonpolar solvents, for example, hexane and petroleum ether, but it must be noted that all solvents have differential effects on ticks depending on the capacity and concentrations of the solvents used [ 49 , 53 ]. Tick larvae however do not have the cuticle layer and therefore do not suffer the same fate as adult ticks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Oral Mammalian Toxicity and Effect of Solvents on Efficacy ofMaerua edulis(Gilg. & Ben.) De Wolf againstRhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratusKoch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae), Tick Larvae

Nyahangare

Mvumi

Maramba

2016

BioMed Research International

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Efficacy and toxicity of aqueous and organic solvents extracts of Maerua edulis against ticks and mice, respectively, were determined. Ground leaves were extracted separately using cold water, cold water plus surfactant (1% v/v liquid soap), hot water plus surfactant, hexane, or methanol to make 25% w/v stock solutions from which serial dilutions of 5, 10, 20, and 25% were made. For each concentration, 20 Rhipicephalus decoloratus tick larvae were put in filter papers impregnated with extracts and incubated for 48 h at 27°C and 85–90% RH for mortality observation after 24 h and 48 h. In the toxicity experiment, hot water plus surfactant treatments of 5, 10, 20, and 25% (w/v) M. edulis were administered in suspension per os to sexually mature Balb/C mice and observed for clinical signs and mortality for 72 h. Larvae mortality was highest (>98%) in methanol-extracted M. edulis treatments (20 and 25%), which was not different from the amitraz-based control (Tickbuster®). Mortality was also higher in the hot water than in cold water plus surfactant treatments (P < 0.05). No postadministration adverse health effects were observed in the mice. These results suggest that M. edulis is an effective tick remedy best extracted using methanol or hot water plus surfactant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Oral Mammalian Toxicity and Effect of Solvents on Efficacy ofMaerua edulis(Gilg. & Ben.) De Wolf againstRhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratusKoch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae), Tick Larvae

Nyahangare

Mvumi

Maramba

2016

BioMed Research International

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“…Each replicate of ticks was immersed for 2 min in 10 mL of the respective concentration of extract or fraction. Previously, it was identified that for bioassay involving AIT, methanol was the least toxic solvent that can dissolve herbal extracts [38]. The hexane and n-butanol fractions were dissolved in methanol while chloroform fraction was dissolved in 10 % Tween 20.…”

Section: Adult Mortality Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acaricidal Activity of Artemisia nilagirica Leaves Against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus Ticks

et al. 2020

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Since time immemorial, human beings have used various parts of plants in either prevention or treatment of ailments. Plants are rich sources of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds with a high structural diversity. Many plants/herbs with specific biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, sedative, and acaricidal activity have been reported. Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp. (Compositae) is a plant traditionally used for insect control in the southern part of India. Previous studies have demonstrated the activity of Artemisia species against pests. The present study thus evaluates the acaricidal activity of crude ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica leaves and its fractions against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Ticks are ectoparasites that transmit several protozoal, viral, and rickettsial diseases. In south India, R. (B.) annulatus is the commonly observed tick species. Control of these acarine parasites that adversely affect milk and meat production is a tough task. Chemical acaricides such as organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, amitraz, and ivermectin are commonly used in tick control. The high cost, environmental hazards, and development of acaricidal resistance are some of the drawbacks of these chemical acaricides. Plant-based formulations are one of the promising approaches for the control of ectoparasites. Previously, extracts from various medicinal/aromatic plants were reported for acaricidal activity from our laboratory, such as Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston, Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites, Jatropha curcas L., and Ageratum conyzoides Hieron. Biochemical quantification, fluorescence analysis, and primary phytochemical analysis are already reported for the ethanolic extract and its fractions of areal parts of A. nilagirica. Phytochemical characterization of ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica from Kerala, India was shown to have the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, fixed oils and fats, tannins, and glycosides.

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“…Os extratos vegetais geralmente apresentam baixa solubilidade em água, sendo assim necessário o uso de solventes orgânicos para extração de seus compostos ativos, que promovem a dissolução de seus constituintes armazenados nos diferentes compartimentos da planta, com sua posterior lixiviação para o meio exterior (Hall et al 1990). A qualidade final de um extrato depende diretamente da seleção do solvente utilizado para sua obtenção (Raaman 2006), sendo assim importante que estes produtos não apresentem efeitos sobre os carrapatos (Ravindran et al 2011a). Estudos que tratam dos efeitos acaricidas sobre larvas de R. microplus não são muito comuns e a maioria dos testes in vitro visa à detecção da ação de mortalidade sobre as fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato.…”

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Atividade acaricida de diferentes solventes sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas e larvas de Rhipicephalus microplus

et al. 2018

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RESUMO: Os carrapatos causam perdas econômicas à indústria pecuária no Brasil. Dessa forma, o uso de fitoterápicos como acaricidas mostrou eficácia no controle desses parasitas. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a eficácia in vitro dos seguintes fármacos: dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO), etanol, metanol, propilenoglicol e monolaurato de sorbitan polietilenoglicol em diluições de 100%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1% e 0,5%. O efeito tóxico destes solventes em fêmeas e larvas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus microplus foi analisado. O teste de biocarrapaticidograma, foi utilizado para definir a eficiência reprodutiva das teleóginas de R. microplus e a eficiência dos produtos testados. Para análise da susceptibilidade das larvas foi utilizado o teste por imersão de larvas em seringa modificado. O uso de propilenoglicol e DMSO em fêmeas ingurgitadas e o uso de DMSO, etanol, metanol e propilenoglicol em larvas, todos à concentração de 0,5%, apresentaram uma menor taxa de mortalidade, podendo ter seu uso indicado em baixas concentrações como solventes de acaricidas utilizados no controle do R. microplus.

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Toxic effects of various solvents against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Acute Oral Mammalian Toxicity and Effect of Solvents on Efficacy ofMaerua edulis(Gilg. & Ben.) De Wolf againstRhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratusKoch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae), Tick Larvae

Acute Oral Mammalian Toxicity and Effect of Solvents on Efficacy ofMaerua edulis(Gilg. & Ben.) De Wolf againstRhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratusKoch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae), Tick Larvae

Acaricidal Activity of Artemisia nilagirica Leaves Against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus Ticks

Atividade acaricida de diferentes solventes sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas e larvas de Rhipicephalus microplus

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