Toxic effects of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on Caenorhabditis elegans: The role of reactive oxygen species

Growth inhibition and oxidative stress induced by 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

“…Furthermore, the excess ROS in S. costatum may lead to oxidative stress, which can aggressively attack other molecules, such as DNA, proteins and fatty acids (Finkel and Holbrook, 2000;Kim et al, 2008). These results are consistent with other reports which also found increased ROS level in ILs treatments relative to the controls (Zhang et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2014).…”

“…The toxic effects of ILs on aquatic organisms present "alkyl side chain" effect (increase in antimicrobial activity with elongation of the alkyl chain) and "cut-off" effect (beyond a given chain length, the effects cannot increase any further) (Ventura et al, 2012). To date, toxic mechanisms of ILs are not yet fully understood, although membrane disruption induced by lipid peroxidation, as a consequence of ROS generation, is proposed as a major toxic mechanism (Liu et al, 2010;Thuy Pham et al, 2010;Nancharaiah et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2013;Cvjetko Bubalo et al, 2014a).…”

Galleria mellonella as a novel in vivo model for assessment of the toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids

“…This effect has been observed in all biological systems in which they have been tested, including the invertebrate models Daphnia magna (Wells and Coombe, 2006) and C. elegans (Wu et al, 2013). This is almost certainly due to the less lipophilic nature of shorter-chained compounds, and it is also possible that these compounds could be cleared more rapidly by the excretory system (Swatloski et al, 2004).…”

“…The survival curves and the previously recorded weight of each group of larvae were used to calculate the LD 50 values (expressed in lg ionic liquid/g larval weight); these are summarised for all the ionic liquids in Fig. 4 (Swatloski et al, 2004;Romero et al, 2008;Petkovic et al, 2009;Megaw et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2013).…”

“…[C n mim]Cls exhibit toxic effects against numerous biological test organisms and systems, both in vitro and in vivo, including enzymes, mammalian cells, luminescent marine bacteria, green algae, wheat, cress, duckweed, the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida (Matzke et al, 2007), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Wu et al, 2013), earthworms (Luo et al, 2010) and zebrafish (Pretti et al, 2006), generally observable as a reduction in growth, viability, or reproduction. [C n mim]Cls are also known to be antimicrobial, with documented inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacterial biofilms (Carson et al, 2009), and have also shown to cause malformations of mice as a result of prenatal exposure, suggesting a teratogenic effect (Bailey et al, 2008).…”