Toxic Effects of Endocrine Disruptor Exposure on Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Abstract

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are chemical substances capable of affecting endocrine system functioning and interfering with organ morphogenesis and physiological functions. The development and regeneration of bone tissues have a complex hormonal regulation, and therefore, bone tissue cells can be considered potential targets for endocrine disruptors. In that regard, the aim of this research was to investigate the impact of ED exposure on the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in an experimental model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Arthritis was induced by an emulsion of type II collagen (CII) and complete Freund’s adjuvant, which was administered intradermally on days 0 and 21. Mice from day 21 to day 35 received the following EDs by oral gavage: cypermethrin (CP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), vinclozolin (VCZ), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and atrazine (ATR). ED exposure caused worsening of clinical signs (erythema and edema in the hind paws), histological and radiographic changes, as well as behavioral deficits, induced by CII injections. Furthermore, ED exposure significantly increased the degree of inflammation and oxidative damage induced by arthritis; this upregulation was more evident after exposure to ATR than to other EDs. The results from our study suggest that exposure to EDs may play a deleterious role in the progression of RA; therefore, exposure to EDs should be limited.

Chronic Exposure to Vinclozolin Induced Fibrosis, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Mice Kidney

“…It has been shown that 25–33% of diseases are linked to POP exposure. The studies conducted so far showed that prolonged exposure to POPs negatively affected growth, postnatal development, and the endocrine system [ 16 , 17 , 23 ]. Vinclozolin studies are mainly focused on the reproductive system.…”

“…Additionally, vinclozolin prepubertal exposure in male rats inhibits pubertal maturation and slows the growth of the accessory sex gland and epididymis [ 36 ]. D’Amico and colleagues recently demonstrated that the effect of endocrine disruptor exposure was not limited to the urogenital apparatus [ 23 , 37 ].…”

“…Taken together, these studies highlight the different effects of vinclozolin exposure on different organs. Recently, it has been described that the vinclozolin-exposure-induced toxicity is probably due to the increased oxidative stress that induces an imbalance in cellular homeostasis and the overproduction of chemokines and cytokines [ 23 ]. It has been described that vinclozolin administration induces oxidative stress in testis by increasing lipid peroxidation and decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in rats.…”

Açai Berry Mitigates Vascular Dementia-Induced Neuropathological Alterations Modulating Nrf-2/Beclin1 Pathways

“…Extracts from cytosol and nucleus were prepared as previously described and incubated with the antibodies anti-NRF-2 (1–500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-365949), anti-heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1; 1-500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-136960), anti-β-tubulin (1–500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-166729), and anti-MAP2 (1–500, SCB, Heidelberg, Germany, #sc-74421) in 1× PBS, 5% w / v non-fat dried milk and 0.1% Tween-20 at 4 °C overnight [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. For the cytosolic and nuclear fraction, blots were also probed with β-actin and lamin A/C protein to ensure that they were filled with equivalent amounts of proteins (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology).…”

Aerosol-Administered Adelmidrol Attenuates Lung Inflammation in a Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury

“…Immunohistochemical analysis was performed as previously described [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Primary antibodies anti-MC chymase (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCB) Heidelberg, Germany, #sc59586) and anti-MC tryptase (1:100, SCB, #sc59587) were incubated overnight on the lung tissue sections.…”