Toxic Effects of Bisphenols: A Special Focus on Bisphenol A and Its Regulations

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is an abundant chemical in the environment, is suggested to cause different toxic effects, including endocrine disruption, reprotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Due to these effects, regulatory authorities have restricted the use of BPA in different consumer products, particularly in products used by children. These restrictions have led to researchers and plastic industry to find new and safer alternatives. Today, bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are highly used although their toxic effects are less known. In the past years, several studies showed that these derivatives might also act as endocrine disruptors and cause toxic effects. BPA is a substance that is carefully monitored by regulatory agencies, and toxicological data are evaluated regularly. The alternatives, such as BPF and BPS, should also be monitored, and the regulations concerning their use in consumer products must be implemented soon. The increase in the number of studies on BPA and different bisphenols is very important in terms of obtaining new toxicological data and guiding regulatory institutions. This chapter will mainly focus on BPA, its toxicity, BPA alternatives, and regulations implemented by different American and European authorities.

A biochemical and histological evaluation of in vivo exposure of bisphenol P for multi-organ toxicity and pathology in rats

“…Bisphenol has been shown to adversely impact human and animal health causing reproductive and developmental problems (Pivonello et al, 2020), disruption of cell signaling pathways and cancer (Abdulhameed et al, 2022), thyroid problems (Chevrier et al, 2013; WHO, 2013), cardiovascular diseases (Han and Hong, 2016; Wehbe et al, 2020), problems in biochemical metabolic processes and diabetes mellitus (Stojanoska et al, 2017), chronic kidney disease (Nie et al, 2021), and several other toxicological effects (Vom Saal and Vandenberg, 2021). In view of the adverse effects of bisphenol and its analogs especially BPA and resulting restrictions and advisories for its use in commercial products by regulatory authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration of the United States, several alternative structural analogs of BPA have been increasingly used to replace BPA (Erkekoğlu et al, 2022). Bisphenol P (BPP; 4-[2-[4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propan-2-yl]phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenol) is one such structural substitute of BPA, which is increasingly being used in the plastic industry.…”

An Insight into the Metabolism of 2,5-Disubstituted Monotetrazole Bearing Bisphenol Structures: Emerging Bisphenol A Structural Congeners

“…It is an established endocrine disruptor and has the potential to induce hepatotoxicity via different mechanisms. Endocrine-mediated health effects such as reproductive toxicity, thyroid disruption, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, atopic diseases, and metabolic disorders have been reported as a result of BPA exposure [ 2 ]. Such toxic effects are ideally governed by the dose–response relationship between exposure to BPA and adverse health effects.…”