Toxic Effects of Antiparasitic Pesticides Used by the Salmon Industry in the Marine Amphipod Monocorophium insidiosum

Abstract

The use of antiparasitic pesticides (APs) has been widely required by the salmon industry to treat diseases. The direct emission of chemicals in the seawater has produced uncertainty about the potential effects on nontarget organisms, such as crustaceans. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of three APs used by the salmon farm industry, such as emamectin benzoate (EB), cypermethrin (CP), and deltamethrin (DE), in the amphipod Monocorophium insidiosum during 10 days through whole-sediment bioassay tests. Lethal concentration by 50 % (LC50–10d) and biochemical responses, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were measured as exposure and effects end points, respectively. Acute assays for DE (7.8 μg kg−1, confidence interval, CI95% 5–11) and CP (57 μg kg−1, CI95% 41–77) showed more mortality than EB (890 μg kg−1, CI95% 672–1,171). In this study, it was possible to observe sublethal responses in amphipods after 2 days of exposure to APs. Significant induction in GST and TBARS (p < 0.05) were measured for CP and EB. Lower DE concentrations showed no significant biochemical responses. M. insidiosum was sensitive to AP concentrations at μg kg−1 in sediments. This information would allow considering the possible consequences of detected concentrations for APs in areas with intensive salmon farming activity.

Assessing the Present and Future Habitat Suitability of Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall and Bravo, 2000) for Salmon Farming in Southern Chile

“…Emamectin benzoate, diflubenzuron, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and hydrogen peroxide at the recommended dose reduce the feeding and mobility, producing paralysis and dead in copepods and causing >95% mortality in another zooplankton and phytoplankton organisms under laboratory conditions ( 55 , 56 ). Otherwise, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in high doses cause 100% mortality in the marine amphipods Monocorophium insidiosum ( 57 ). Furthermore, the synergistic effect of cypermethrin and deltamethrin combination on crustacean Daphnia magna has been described to cause superior toxicity to the half-maximum effective concentration [EC50; ( 58 )].…”

Single and Combined Effects of Cypermethrin and UVR Pre-Exposure in the Microalgae Phaeodactylum Tricornutum

“…However, information about the effect of insecticides or fungicides, designed to act against non-photosynthetic organisms, in coastal marine microalgae is scarce (Wang et al 2011;Dupraz et al 2019). Particularly, some pesticides, such as the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin (Cyp), could be used in agricultural fields and aquaculture activities or for domestic pest control (Burridge et al 2000;Tucca et al 2014;Gao et al 2016). Once in the aquatic system, due to its high hydrophobicity (Cyp log Kow = 6.3), Cyp is rapidly adsorbed to suspended particulate matter and colloidal organic matter, reaching bottom sediments and adsorbed to plankton community (Yang et al 2006;Fojut and Young 2011).…”

“…Thus, when used to control sea lice infestation, the recommended dose is 5 μg L −1 (Willis and Ling 2004), and Cyp values around fish culture area were reported in the order of 0.11-0.218 μg L −1 (Willis et al 2005;Wang et al 2012). These variable levels of Cyp could be linked with different environmental scenarios and could lead to differences in their toxic effect for aquatic organisms from sublethal to lethal effects (Friberg-Jensen et al 2003;Tucca et al 2014). Growth inhibition and the induction of oxidative stress were reported at 50 μg L −1 for 96 h in several marine microalgae (Wang et al 2011), while for the freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp., the same effects were observed in the range of 11-48 mg L −1 (Baruah and Chaurasia, 2020).…”

Use of models for the environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicines in European aquaculture: current situation and future perspectives

“…Environmental concerns related to antiparasitics include the possible effects to non‐target invertebrate species in and around the fish farms, including principally microcrustaceans and decapods (Tucca et al . ; Lillicrap et al . ; Macken et al .…”