Toxaphene: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Toxicity and Environmental Fate

Saleh, Mahmoud A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3082-3_1

Cited by 151 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 190 publications

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“…Toxaphene is a term used to refer to a complex mixture of chemicals that consist primarily of chlorinated bornanes (CHBs), that was used widely as a pesticide in the USA, as well as in other parts of the world, prior to it being banned in the early 1980's because of its environmental persistence and toxicity (Saleh, 1991). The estimated global usage of CHBs is 1.33 million tons, with usage in the USA accounting for more than 40% of this amount Li, 1993, 1995;Li et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Levels of toxaphene congeners in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway

Andersen

Føreid

Skaare

et al. 2006

Science of The Total Environment

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This study reports concentrations of three pesticide toxaphene congeners (CHBs; from the blubber of ten adult, male white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway. The CHB congeners that occurred at the highest levels in the blubber of the white whales were, as expected, CHB-26 (4636 F 1992 (SD) ng/g l.w.) and CHB-50 (6579 F 2214 ng/g l.w.); CHB-62 (232 F 231 ng/g l.w.) was also present, but at much lower concentrations. The mean level of the sum of the three CHBs (ACHBs = 11,447 F 4208 ng/g l.w.) in this study is more than twice the mean concentrations of the well-known organochlorine (OC) pollutants ADDTs (sum of ppV-DDT, ppV-DDE, ppV-DDD) and APCBs (sum of 27 PCB congeners) previously reported from the same individual white whales. The concentrations of CHBs in white whales from Svalbard are at the high end of the range for concentrations of these compounds compared to other Arctic white whale populations. Additionally, the contribution of CHBs to the overall OC burden is larger in white whales from Svalbard compared with their counterparts from other areas in the Arctic. Male white whales from Svalbard have several orders of magnitude higher concentrations of ACHBs compared to seals and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the same area. The high levels of CHBs in these whales, and their dominance in the OC pattern, suggests that white whales in Svalbard are exposed to high levels of this group of contaminants. Further studies are needed to investigate possible effects of CHBs and other OC contaminants on the white whale population in Svalbard. D 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CHBs bioaccumulate in lipid-rich tissues of marine organisms and biomagnify in marine food chains. They are transported via the atmosphere as well as ocean currents, which has resulted in a global distribution of these contaminants (Saleh, 1991). CHBs are found in the Arctic in relatively high concentrations in air and in seawater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of toxaphene congeners in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway

Andersen

Føreid

Skaare

et al. 2006

Science of The Total Environment

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“…8001-35-2) was one of the main products produced by the Hercules Co. in the United States (1). The process of producing toxaphene consists of extracting crude ax-pinene from pine Manuscript received at EHP30 July 1998; accepted 20 October 1998. produces camphene, bornylene, and uo-terpineol.…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although readily soluble in most organic solvents, it is more soluble in aromatic than aliphatic hydrocarbons. Its average elemental composition is C1oH1oC18 (1). 1Toxaphene comprises at least 180 to 190 comnponents, most with the formula Cl(H18-nCln or C10H16-,Cln, where n is 6 to 10 (14).…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until the mid 1980s, it was mass produced and widely used as an insecticide, particularly in the cotton-growing industry. It was also used as a piscicide to control rough fish (undesired stock) in various water systems (1). The lipophilic, persistent, and volatile natures of toxaphene have contributed to its global dispersion throughout freshwater and marine environments.…”

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confidence: 99%

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