Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination

Abstract

The Tower of Belém, an early 16th century defense tower located at the mouth of the Tagus river, is the iconic symbol of Lisbon. It belongs to the Belém complex, classified since 1983 as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, and it is the second most visited monument in Portugal. On November 1st, 1755, there was a heavy earthquake in Lisbon followed by a tsunami, causing between 60,000 and 100,000 deaths. There is a possibility of a repetition of such a catastrophe, which could bring about the collapse of the structure. This was the reasoning behind the decision to evaluate the Tower of Belém by means of surveys using Terrestrial Laser Scanning and photogrammetry. Until now, there was no high-resolution 3D model of the interior and exterior of the tower. A complete 3D documentation of the state of the Tower was achieved with a cloud of more than 6,200 million 3D points in the ETRS89 PT-TM06 coordinate system. Additionally, measurements were made using a hyperspectral camera and a spectroradiometer to characterize the stone material used in the Tower. The result is a digital 3D representation of the Tower of Belém, and the identification of the quarries that may have been used to extract its stone. The work carried out combines geometrical and material analysis. The methods used may constitute a guide when documenting and intervening in similar heritage elements. Finally, the information contained therein will allow an eventual reconstruction of the Tower in the case of another catastrophe.

A Case Study of Deformation Measurements of Istanbul Land Walls via Terrestrial Laser Scanning

“…The FARO Focus 330 HDR was used to scan the structure with further data processing in SCENE software, which is the manufacturer's software. A number of studies were performed using TLS FARO with further data processing in SCENE [17], [18], [39], [40] and they proved that FARO is one of the most successful instruments for scanning the historical buildings. Besides, its portability and compactness greatly facilitate the process of survey.…”

“…TLS technology also proved to be more effective compare to Close-Range Photogrammetry [16]. There are various studies that take benefits of TLS on documentation and modelling heritages such as Diyarbakir Walls in Turkey [17], tower of Belem in Lisbon [18] and Umayyad Palaces in Jordan [19].…”