“…Some previous studies focused on the FEW flows and nexus in watersheds, cities, megacities and regions (Kennedy et al 2015, Endo et al 2017, Cai et al 2018, Gragg et al 2018, Taniguchi et al 2018, Yang and Wi 2018, which furthered our understanding of the internal characteristics of the system. Studies have also shown that changes in one system have profound effects on other systems, because of the interdependencies and interactions between food, energy and water subsystems (Hoff 2011, Al-Saidi and Elagib 2017, Scanlon et al 2017, Cai et al 2018, D'Odorico et al 2018. In addition, the external factors, such as rapid population growth, urbanization, economic development and climate change, will affect the production and supply of these resources and enhance the demands for food, energy and water (Hanjra and Qureshi 2010, Allan et al 2013, Seto and Ramankutty 2016, Qin et al 2019.…”