Towards transient experimental water surfaces: A new benchmark dataset for 2D shallow water solvers

Martínez-Aranda, Sergio; Fernández-Pato, Javier; Caviedes‐Voullième, Daniel; García-Palacín, Ignacio; García‐Navarro, P.

doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.08.013

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Laiadi and Merzougui [ 58 ] showed that changes in surface tension can affect the free-surface profile in shallow flows, while Balabel and Alzaed [ 59 ] showed that changes in surface tension and viscosity can affect the propagation of the wave front in dam break scenarios. This may explain why Martinez-Aranda et al [ 41 ] found that their experimental TiO 2 –Kinect data did not match the established model data, particularly in the vicinity of obstacles, where surface tension and viscosity effects would be more apparent. These experimental uncertainties are also apparent in comparison with other models [ 60 ].…”

Section: Effect Of Tio 2 Concentration On Fluidmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…To establish the optimal TiO 2 concentration for the sensors to accurately capture the free surface, the calibration board was removed and the tank was replaced and filled with water to a depth of 140 mm. Nineteen different concentrations of TiO 2 in approximately uniform increments were studied [ 41 ], ranging from 0% to 0.0162% by mass. The TiO 2 used in this study was anatase titanium (IV) oxide from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, New Jersey, United States) with molecular weight 79.88 kg/kmol.…”

Section: Sensor Accuracy and Minimum Colourant Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies did not examine the accuracy of measurement as a function of TiO 2 concentration [ 40 , 42 , 43 ], and did not state the TiO 2 concentration used, so it is impossible to know whether those measurements were collected with an appropriate amount of TiO 2 . Martinez-Aranda et al [ 41 ] stated a TiO 2 concentration of 1.2%, which Figure 8 shows to be approximately 100 times greater than that which is necessary.…”

Section: Sensor Accuracy and Minimum Colourant Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nichols and Rubinato [ 39 ] first presented an initial examination of the use of Kinect sensors for low-cost 3D measurements of flowing water surfaces, and other studies have since applied the same technique [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. While the popularity of using Kinect sensors for hydraulic experiments is growing, more research is needed to explore this potential and limitations of Kinect technology under multiple hydraulic and experimental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nichols and Rubinato [ 39 ] showed that the Kinect has the potential to measure gravity waves and may also be used to measure turbulence-generated free-surface roughness. They showed that titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) could be used to colour the water and cause its surface to become opaque so that the infrared signals from Kinect sensors can be reflected, and Martinez-Aranda et al [ 40 , 41 ] subsequently employed the same methodology to measure free-surface shape during dam break flows and shallow turbulent flows. A very limited number of studies have used the Kinect–TiO 2 methodology, and these are summarised in Table 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Use of Titanium Dioxide Colourant to Enable Water Surfaces to Be Measured by Kinect Sensors

Nichols

Rubinato

Cho

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Recent studies have sought to use Microsoft Kinect sensors to measure water surface shape in steady flows or transient flow processes. They have typically employed a white colourant, usually titanium dioxide (TiO2), in order to make the surface opaque and visible to the infrared-based sensors. However, the ability of Kinect Version 1 (KV1) and Kinect Version 2 (KV2) sensors to measure the deformation of ostensibly smooth reflective surfaces has never been compared, with most previous studies using a V1 sensor with no justification. Furthermore, the TiO2 has so far been used liberally and indeterminately, with no consideration as to the type of TiO2 to use, the optimal proportion to use or the effect it may have on the very fluid properties being measured. This paper examines the use of anatase TiO2 with two generations of the Microsoft Kinect sensor. Assessing their performance for an ideal flat surface, it is shown that surface data obtained using the V2 sensor is substantially more reliable. Further, the minimum quantity of colourant to enable reliable surface recognition is discovered (0.01% by mass). A stability test shows that the colourant has a strong tendency to settle over time, meaning the fluid must remain well mixed, having serious implications for studies with low Reynolds number or transient processes such as dam breaks. Furthermore, the effect of TiO2 concentration on fluid properties is examined. It is shown that previous studies using concentrations in excess of 1% may have significantly affected the viscosity and surface tension, and thus the surface behaviour being measured. It is therefore recommended that future studies employ the V2 sensor with an anatase TiO2 concentration of 0.01%, and that the effects of TiO2 on the fluid properties are properly quantified before any TiO2-Kinect-derived dataset can be of practical use, for example, in validation of numerical models or in physical models of hydrodynamic processes.

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Section: Effect Of Tio 2 Concentration On Fluidmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Sensor Accuracy and Minimum Colourant Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%