Towards Theranostic Multicompartment Microcapsules: in-situ Diagnostics and Laser-induced Treatment

Abstract

Paving the way towards the application of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules in theranostics, we describe diagnostic multi-functionality and drug delivery using multicompartment polymeric capsules which represent the next generation of drug delivery carriers. Their versatility is particularly important for potential applications in the area of theranostics wherein the carriers are endowed with the functionality for both diagnostics and therapy. Responsiveness towards external stimuli is attractive for providing controlled and on-demand release of encapsulated materials. An overview of external stimuli is presented with an emphasis on light as a physical stimulus which has been widely used for activation of microcapsules and release of their contents. In this article we also describe existing and new approaches to build multicompartment microcapsules as well as means available to achieve controlled and triggered release from their subcompartments, with a focus on applications in theranostics. Outlook for future directions in the area are highlighted.

Applications of phototheranostic nanoagents in photodynamic therapy

“…The imaging and therapeutic moieties may be encapsulated ( Fig. 1(c)) with the nanoparticle during synthesis [185]. Alternatively, these moieties may be attached to the surface of the nanoparticle (Figs.…”

“…Photosensitizers capable of being activated rapidly by tissue-penetrating light of longer wavelength are desired [208]. Photosensitizers encapsulated in liposomes [170,172,173,190,209] and other particles [177,179,185,190,192] have been extensively discussed. Peptide-conjugated photosensitizers have been reviewed [191].…”

Colloidal micro- and nano-particles as templates for polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules

“…Advantages of the artificial compartmentalization strategy are the separation of large and small molecules, while at the same time carrying them in one entity with protection from the outside environment, and conduction of cascade reactions [127]. Furthermore, multi-compartment particles/capsules are predicted to be of potential use in theranostic applications where one carrier would perform a dual function: diagnostic and therapeutic [128,129]. Direct synthesis of anisotropic particles can be another approach to anisotropic carriers [130], while controlled patchiness [131] provides another advanced functionality.…”

FRAP in Pharmaceutical Research: Practical Guidelines and Applications in Drug Delivery

“…Layer-by-Layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte capsules are microparticles that are being evaluated for controlled drug delivery (57). The polyelectrolyte shells of the capsules are semi-permeable, so that large molecules cannot diffuse through the polymer wall, resulting in their protection from environmental degradation.…”