Towards the Reliable Prediction of Time to Flowering in Six Annual Crops. V. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Abstract

Four genotypes of'desi' and two of'kabuli' chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were sown at six locations in Australia on various dates between 1986 and 1988, giving 22 combinations of site and sowing date with diverse photothermal environments. Times from sowing to first flowering (/) varied from 30 to 162 d, mean pre-flowering temperatures from 10.8° to 29.3°C and mean photoperiods from 11.3 to 15.6 h d~'. There was no evidence that any observation had been obtained in photoperiods shorter than the ceiling photoperiod (P cc ) or longer than the critical photoperiod (P c ). This suggests that, in typical agricultural environments, chickpea crops experience photoperiods (P) which should satisfy the condition P ce < P < P c . In one 'kabuli' and two 'desi' genotypes, l//was influenced by both temperature and photoperiod. The coefficient of determination (/? 2 ) for a linear, additive rate of development model ranged from 0.74 to 0.80, with no significant difference in either temperature sensitivity or photoperiod sensitivity among these three genotypes. In the remaining three genotypes, no significant response to temperature was detected between 10.8° and 29.2°C, so rate of progress to flowering was influenced solely by photoperiod. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity of \ If to P among these three genotypes. The linear, additive rate model found here to be so satisfactory as a predictive tool for phenology, is also shown to have much wider general application. Prediction del liempo defloration RESUMENSe sembraron cuatro genotipos 'desi' y dos genotipos 'kabuli' de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum) en seis emplazamientos en Australia, en diversas fechas entre 1986 y 1988, obteniebdose asi 22

Chickpea evolution has selected for contrasting phenological mechanisms among different habitats

“…While daylength and temperature have previously been established as the principal environmental cues regulating the flowering response in chickpea (Roberts et al 1985;Ellis et al 1994), these studies were based on a limited range of genotypes (n \ 10) making it impossible to draw conclusions about the adaptive significance of these responses. Moreover, with low genotype numbers the implications of different temperature and photoperiod responses were difficult to interpret.…”

“…In chickpea, a long day plant, daylength and temperature (excepting a vernalization response) have been identified as the principal environmental cues regulating the timing of floral initiation (Roberts et al 1985;Summerfield et al 1989;Ellis et al 1994). However, in contrast to the cereals, the interaction between environmental selection pressure and corresponding phenological mechanisms is largely unknown in legumes.…”

Inheritance and relationships of flowering time and seed size in kabuli chickpea

“…Early flowering leads to prolong reproductive phase thereby increasing the yield through more efficient water use system (Kumar and Abbo 2001). Early flowering is important in temperate environments for escaping end-of-season frost (Warkentin et al 2003;Gaur et al 2015) In chickpea, time of flowering is variable depending upon season, date of sowing, latitude and altitude (Summerfield and Roberts 1988), it is a function of temperature and photoperiod (Roberts et al 1985;Ellis et al 1994) or solely photoperiod (Ellis et al 1994). Studies suggest that flowering time is governed by one or few major genes (Gumber and Singh1996;Or et al 1999;Kumar and van Rheenen 2000;Anbessa et al 2006;Hegde 2010;Gaur et al 2015).…”

Effects of Irrigation on the Flowering and Maturity of Chickpea Genotypes

“…Hughes et al, (1987) announced that the exposure of the culture to the final dryness shortens its biological cycle and delays its flowering. Ellis et al, (1994) indicated that high temperatures, higher than 38 °C, delay considerably the chickpea flowering. Day temperatures recorded during the flowering phase did not exceed 30 °C (Fig.…”

“…According to Roberts et al, (1985), time to flowering was a function of temperature and photoperiod in chickpea. Ellis et al, (1994) further noticed that in some chickpea genotypes, time to flowering was influenced by photoperiod and temperature, whereas in others, flowering time was determined solely by photoperiod. Gumber and Sarvjeet (1996) studied the chickpea genetics of time to flowering and found that it was controlled by two genes.…”