“…For example, recent research has drawn attention to the importance of such factors as parental education, wealth, optimism, social support and health as protective factors among parents of children with intellectual disability when faced with adversity in early childhood (Azad, Blacher, & Marcoulides, in press;Ellingsen, Baker, Blacher, & Crnic, 2014;McConnell, Savage, & Breitkreuz, 2014). Finally, while our analyses cannot attribute causal relationships between exposure to adversity and the prevalence and persistence of conduct difficulties, they do provide some circumstantial evidence to support the case (especially for children with intellectual disability) for increased investment in the development, evaluation and scaling up of environmentally focused early intervention strategies to reduce the incidence and persistence of conduct difficulties (Allen et al, 2013;Einfeld, Tonge, & Clarke, 2013;Tellegen & Sanders, 2013).…”