Towards the Point of Care and noninvasive classification of bladder cancer from urine sediment infrared spectroscopy. Spectral differentiation of normal, abnormal and cancer patients

FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma

“…And all of these low-glycogen cells exhibited high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios. These observations were congruent with our previous spectroscopic studies on urine sediments and the reference cell cultures of urothelial and BC cells [11,14]. Spectral differences between the N and BC groups were seen the shapes of the glycogen bands, e.g., a sharp 1024 cm −1 band was present in N while an additional 1054 cm −1 band was found in both BC groups.…”

“…Such doubtful assignments can be further verified by classic cytology and histology. Our HCA-PLS-DA models of the imaged cells showed better sensitivity and specificity (both above 90%) than other FTIRbased classifications performed on bulk samples of patients' urine sediment (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 59%) and urine (sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 81%) [14]. The high PLS-DA values of accuracy and other classification indicators determined in this work are more optimistic, and some factor of the proposed approach played an important role for achieving these results (Figure 5).…”

“…We showed in the previous work that simple ATR FTIR spectra of the whole urine sediment can be also used for the recognition of BC. However, this method showed lower sensitivity and specificity than the approach proposed here due to averaged IR signatures and the hidden spectral features of single cancer and abnormal cells in such a bulb sample [14]. Here, we detected a spectral variation among urine cells that was particularly important in the case of the samples with low fractions of BC cells typical of the early stages of the disease and small tumors [27,28].…”

“…A single-point microscopic examination of urothelial cells in urine from healthy volunteers showed the differentiation of three cell types only [10]. Furthermore, classification of urine sediment to normal or BC groups were based on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectra of bulk samples [9,[13][14][15]. Complementary to the FTIR method, Raman spectroscopy also showed promising outcomes for the spectroscopic scanning of malignant and benign bladder tissues [16].…”

Evaluation of grade and invasiveness of bladder urothelial carcinoma using infrared imaging and machine learning

“…IR data sets are mathematically analysed using well-developed algorithms for unsupervised image segmentation in the first step and then for blind classification. 14 So far, IR spectroscopy and microscopy have been used for BC diagnosis by analysing urothelial cell lines, 15,16 urine sediment, [17][18][19] cytology, 20 and also bladder tissues. 21,22 A few studies showed differences in IR spectra between BC subtypes but from only nine patients or between control and BC when the bladder was probed by fiberoptics.…”