Towards the optimization of performance of Atlantic salmon reared at different water temperatures via the manipulation of dietary ARA/EPA ratio

Norambuena, Fernando; Rombenso, Artur N.; Turchini, Giovanni M.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.06.044

Cited by 54 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In agreement, several recent studies have further demonstrated that balanced ARA and EPA are more critical than either individual FA in terms of growth and other metabolic processes further highlighting the need for understanding the optimal LC-PUFA balance (Norambuena et al, 2015;Norambuena et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…In many vertebrate and fish species, EPA and ARA are required for important metabolic and physiological functions, and the optimal as well as dietary requirements are well understood (Bell and Sargent, 2003;Das, 2006;Glencross, 2009;Izquierdo, 1996;Tocher, 2010;Tocher, 2015). In addition, there is great potential for dietary ARA to affect growth, stress response, immune response and survival, particularly at early life stages (Atalah et al, 2011a;Atalah et al, 2011b;Bell and Sargent, 2003;Castell et al, 1994;Montero et al, 2015b;Norambuena et al, 2016;Yuan et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism in Juvenile Barramundi Lates calcarifer

Salini

Wade

Araújo

et al. 2016

Lipids

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism in Juvenile Barramundi Lates calcarifer

Salini

Wade

Araújo

et al. 2016

Lipids

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“…That said, dietary treatments had some variability, albeit small, in their 20:4n-6 content, varying from 1.1 to 6.3 g/kg of lipid, and diets containing lower levels of 20:4n-6 appear to induce in vivo 20:4n-6 biosynthesis (as indicated by increased apparent enzyme activity of Δ-5 desaturase bioconverting 18:2n-6-20:4n-6 in fish fed the NC and DHA-50 diets) to satisfy physiological demand not met through direct consumption. Given that dietary levels of 20:4n-6 were somewhat lower than those typically recommended or observed in feeds for Atlantic salmon and other species (~10 g/kg) [23,[50][51][52] this is perhaps an expected compensatory response. Nonetheless, it would be interesting to directly test whether the apparent sparing effect of SFA and MUFA on n-3 LC-PUFA also extends to n-6 LC-PUFA like 20:4n-6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Uncoupling EPA and DHA in Fish Nutrition: Dietary Demand is Limited in Atlantic Salmon and Effectively Met by DHA Alone

Emery

Norambuena

Trushenski

et al. 2016

Lipids

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Due to the scarcity of marine fish oil resources, the aquaculture industry is developing more efficient strategies for the utilization of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). A better understanding of how fish utilize EPA and DHA, typically provided by fish oil, is needed. However, EPA and DHA have different physiological functions, may be metabolized and incorporated into tissues differently, and may vary in terms of their importance in meeting the fatty acid requirements of fish. To address these questions, Atlantic salmon were fed experimental diets containing, as the sole added dietary lipid source, fish oil (positive control), tallow (negative control), or tallow supplemented with EPA, DHA, or both fatty acids to ~50 or 100% of their respective levels in the positive control diet. Following 14 weeks of feeding, the negative control diet yielded optimum growth performance. Though surprising, these results support the notion that Atlantic salmon requirements for n-3 LC-PUFA are quite low. EPA was largely β-oxidized and inefficiently deposited in tissues, and increasing dietary levels were associated with potential negative effects on growth. Conversely, DHA was completely spared from catabolism and very efficiently deposited into flesh. EPA bioconversion to DHA was largely influenced by substrate availability, with the presence of preformed DHA having little inhibitory effect. These results clearly indicate EPA and DHA are metabolized differently by Atlantic salmon, and suggest that the n-3 LC-PUFA dietary requirements of Atlantic salmon may be lower than reported and different, if originating primarily from EPA or DHA.

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“…Like humans, fish need to obtain EPA and DHA through their diet, namely from the addition of fish oil (FO) to their feed (NRC, ). However, with the decline in world production of fishmeal and fish oil (Norambuena, Rombenso, & Turchini, ), the supply of FO is no longer sufficient to meet the increasing demand for aquatic feed. Thus, finding economically viable alternatives to allow the reduction in the reliance on FO feed supplements in aquaculture is essential (Turchini, Torstensen, & Wing‐Keong, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of variation in the dietary ratio of linseed oil to fish oil on growth, body composition, tissues fatty acid composition, flesh nutritional value and immune indices in Manchurian trout,Brachymystax lenok

Chang

et al. 2018

Aquacult Nutr

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In order to study the effects of linseed oil substitution on the growth, body composition, tissue fatty acid composition, flesh nutritional value and immune indices of juvenile Manchurian trout, five feed types containing different levels of linseed oil (LO) mixed with fish oil (FO) were prepared: 0 (0 LO); 250 g/kg (25 LO); 500 g/kg (50 LO); 750 g/kg (75 LO); and 1000 g/kg (100 LO); and fed to juvenile Manchurian trout (initial weight 6.43 ± 0.02 g) for 9 weeks. The results showed that substitution of FO with 750 g/kg LO did not affect the growth of juvenile trout, with protein content in the dorsal muscle, and lipid content in the liver not showing any significant difference (p > 0.05). The highest lipid content found in muscle samples occurred for the 25 LO diet. The fatty acid composition found in the dorsal muscle and the liver of the Manchurian trout reflects the fatty acid composition in the diet, where the relative amount of linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)found in these organs has a positive linear correlation with their relative composition in the diet (p < 0.05). As the amount of LO in the diet was increased, the composition of ALA found in the sampled organs increased, while the composition of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreased. At the same time, the index of atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenicity (IT) of the muscle samples from the 75 LO and 100 LO diets was significantly lower than for the 0 LO and 25 LO diets (p < 0.05), while the flesh lipid quality (FLQ) in the 100 LO diet was significantly lower than for the other diets (p < 0.05). The aspartate transaminase (AST) activity decreased initially, and then increased, as the level of LO replacement for FO was increased, with the 25 LO diet being significantly lower than for other groups (p < 0.05). The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in serum samples from the 100 LO diet was higher than that from other diets. The lysozyme (LZM) activity in both serum and liver tissue first increased to a peak for the 25 LO and 50 LO diets, respectively, and then decreased as the level of LO was further increased. There was no significant change in the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in the liver samples; however, the acid phosphatase (ACP) activity decreased significantly from the highest value for 0 LO feed group. In conclusion, the composition of fatty acids in the dorsal muscle and the liver was found to be modified by the diets, and with the diet containing less than 750 g/kg LO, being both 378 | YU et al.

show abstract

Towards the optimization of performance of Atlantic salmon reared at different water temperatures via the manipulation of dietary ARA/EPA ratio

Cited by 54 publications

References 61 publications

Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism in Juvenile Barramundi Lates calcarifer

Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism in Juvenile Barramundi Lates calcarifer

Uncoupling EPA and DHA in Fish Nutrition: Dietary Demand is Limited in Atlantic Salmon and Effectively Met by DHA Alone

Effect of variation in the dietary ratio of linseed oil to fish oil on growth, body composition, tissues fatty acid composition, flesh nutritional value and immune indices in Manchurian trout,Brachymystax lenok

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