Towards The Internet of Smart Clothing: A Review on IoT Wearables and Garments for Creating Intelligent Connected E-Textiles

Fernández‐Caramés, Tiago M.; Fraga‐Lamas, Paula

doi:10.3390/electronics7120405

Cited by 221 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 169 publications

(165 reference statements)

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“…The smart campus services and infrastructure can be optimized thanks to the analysis of the user patterns and behaviors. For instance, mobility patterns, user activities, or social interactions can be determined through smartphone apps [94,95], by monitoring WiFi communications [96,97] or by collecting data from smartphone sensors [98], wearables, or even garments [99].…”

Section: Smart Campus and University Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Next Generation Teaching, Learning, and Context-Aware Applications for Higher Education: A Review on Blockchain, IoT, Fog and Edge Computing Enabled Smart Campuses and Universities

2019

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Smart campuses and smart universities make use of IT infrastructure that is similar to the one required by smart cities, which take advantage of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing solutions to monitor and actuate on the multiple systems of a university. As a consequence, smart campuses and universities need to provide connectivity to IoT nodes and gateways, and deploy architectures that allow for offering not only a good communications range through the latest wireless and wired technologies, but also reduced energy consumption to maximize IoT node battery life. In addition, such architectures have to consider the use of technologies like blockchain, which are able to deliver accountability, transparency, cyber-security and redundancy to the processes and data managed by a university. This article reviews the state of the start on the application of the latest key technologies for the development of smart campuses and universities. After defining the essential characteristics of a smart campus/university, the latest communications architectures and technologies are detailed and the most relevant smart campus deployments are analyzed. Moreover, the use of blockchain in higher education applications is studied. Therefore, this article provides useful guidelines to the university planners, IoT vendors and developers that will be responsible for creating the next generation of smart campuses and universities.

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Section: Smart Campus and University Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Next Generation Teaching, Learning, and Context-Aware Applications for Higher Education: A Review on Blockchain, IoT, Fog and Edge Computing Enabled Smart Campuses and Universities

2019

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“…Even though a great market success has been announced for many years, no smart garment has been a great mass-market success yet. In fact, even if a lot of e-textiles prototypes have been developed in laboratories since 2000 [1], only a few smart garments have already hit the market [2]. One of the main reasons is the fact that wearable textronic prototypes suffer from poor washability and reliability [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Impact of Washing Cycles on Silver-Plated Textile Electrodes: A Complete Study

Gaubert

Gidik

Bodart³

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Although market prediction for smart textiles in the coming years is high, their washability will be among the main criteria for their mass adoption. Hence, the need to understand precisely how the washing process can damage them. Therefore, the best care instructions can be determined and serve as guidelines for smart textile manufacturers to control the quality of their smart garments as well as their customers to wash them cautiously. In this study, only the sensing part, silver-plated-nylon electrode sensors, is taken into account. To determine the chemical and the mechanical impacts of the machine-washing process separately and simultaneously, textile electrodes were put in different washing conditions: with and without bleaching agents, with and without mechanical constraints, etc. Then spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize these electrodes. Results show that liquid detergents should be preferred to powder ones. Indeed, the latter contain bleaching agents that tend to oxidize the silver layer, making it more vulnerable to the mechanical rubbings that tear off the silver layer progressively washes after washes. As a consequence, the silver-plated-nylon loses rapidly its conductivity so that the electrode is no longer able to sense biopotentials.

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“…These electronics can be utilized either in an active or passive way. An active device responds to user input; for example, as two-way radio communications or live GPS data transmissions to emergency responders [10,11]. Passive devices do not require user input, but rather provide sensory data or function to the user, or to an external support point [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Electrode Based on MWCNT Embedded in a Cross-Linked Acrylamide/Alginate Blend: Conductivity vs. Stretching

Thibodeau

Ignaszak

2020

Polymers

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A polyacrylamide-alginate hydrogel electrolyte, blended with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) as an electronically conductive fraction, allows for the creation of a flexible, durable, and resilient electrode. The MWCNT content is correlated with mechanical characteristics such as stretch modulus, tensile resistance, and electrical conductivity. The mechanical analysis demonstrates tensile strength that is comparable to similar hydrogels reported in the literature, with increasing strength for MWCNT-embedded hydrogels. The impedance spectroscopy reveals that the total resistance of electrodes decreases with increasing MWCNT content upon elongation and that bending and twisting do not obstruct their conductivity. The MWCNT-inserted hydrogels show mixed ionic and electronic conductivities, both within a range of 1-4 × 10 −2 S cm −1 in a steady state. In addition, the thermal stability of these materials increases with incrementing MWCNT content. This observation agrees with long-term charge-discharge cycling that shows enhanced electrochemical durability of the MWCNT-hydrogel hybrid when compared to pure hydrogel electrolyte. The hydrogel-carbon films demonstrate an increased interfacial double-layer current at a high MWCNT content (giving an area-specific capacitance of~30 mF cm −2 at 2.79 wt.% of MWCNT), which makes them promising candidates as printable and flexible electrodes for lightweight energy storage applications. The maximum content of MWCNT within the polymer electrolyte was estimated at 2.79 wt.%, giving a very elastic polymer electrode with good electrical characteristics.

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Towards The Internet of Smart Clothing: A Review on IoT Wearables and Garments for Creating Intelligent Connected E-Textiles

Cited by 221 publications

References 169 publications

Towards Next Generation Teaching, Learning, and Context-Aware Applications for Higher Education: A Review on Blockchain, IoT, Fog and Edge Computing Enabled Smart Campuses and Universities

Towards Next Generation Teaching, Learning, and Context-Aware Applications for Higher Education: A Review on Blockchain, IoT, Fog and Edge Computing Enabled Smart Campuses and Universities

Investigating the Impact of Washing Cycles on Silver-Plated Textile Electrodes: A Complete Study

Flexible Electrode Based on MWCNT Embedded in a Cross-Linked Acrylamide/Alginate Blend: Conductivity vs. Stretching

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