Towards the Integration of Modern Power Systems into a Cyber–Physical Framework

Abstract

The cyber–physical system (CPS) architecture provides a novel framework for analyzing and expanding research and innovation results that are essential in managing, controlling and operating complex, large scale, industrial systems under a holistic insight. Power systems constitute such characteristically large industrial structures. The main challenge in deploying a power system as a CPS lies on how to combine and incorporate multi-disciplinary, core, and advanced technologies into the specific for this case, social, environmental, economic and engineering aspects. In order to substantially contribute towards this target, in this paper, a specific CPS scheme that clearly describes how a dedicated cyber layer is deployed to manage and interact with comprehensive multiple physical layers, like those found in a large-scale modern power system architecture, is proposed. In particular, the measurement, communication, computation, control mechanisms, and tools installed at different hierarchical frames that are required to consider and modulate the social/environmental necessities, as well as the electricity market management, the regulation of the electric grid, and the power injection/absorption of the controlled main devices and distributed energy resources, are all incorporated in a common CPS framework. Furthermore, a methodology for investigating and analyzing the dynamics of different levels of the CPS architecture (including physical devices, electricity and communication networks to market, and environmental and social mechanisms) is provided together with the necessary modelling tools and assumptions made in order to close the loop between the physical and the cyber layers. An example of a real-world industrial micro-grid that describes the main aspects of the proposed CPS-based design for modern electricity grids is also presented at the end of the paper to further explain and visualize the proposed framework.

Modern Power System Dynamics, Stability and Control

“…In the work presented in [1], Konstantopoulos et al propose a novel framework for analyzing and expanding research and innovation results that are essential in managing, controlling and operating complex, large scale, power systems under a holistic insight. Modern power systems are deployed in the frame of a cyber-physical system (CPS) architecture that clearly describes how a dedicated cyber layer is deployed to manage and interact with comprehensive multiple physical layers.…”

A Cascading Failure Model Considering Operation Characteristics of the Communication Layer

“…represents the set of nodes at the physical layer that can be detected by the scheduling center and meets the following requirements: (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) According to the information received, the dispatching center takes the minimum load loss as the objective function to carry out an optimization calculation and defines SC(P The dispatching center updates the electrical parameters to the working nodes of the communication layer along with the control instruction. A control information transmission failure occurs when the transmission delay is greater than the threshold MaxT , and the node receiving the control information adjusts the electrical properties according to P j∼ 12 .…”

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] υ 1 is the set of nodes on the physical layer coupled to the communication layer's new failure nodes. N p is the working subset of the physical layer, and B ρυ 1 (ρυ 1 ,…”

A Mathematical Modelling and Behaviour Simulation of a Smart Grid Cyber-Physical System

“…The stability and security of the proposed smart grid system to faults and cyberattacks was nonetheless not analyzed in this work. Therefore, several modernizations have been introduced into the grid system to increase the system resilience and optimal regulation of key domains of the grid [21], [22].…”