Towards the development of new generation of ion exchange membranes for reverse electrodialysis: A review

Abidin, Muhammad Nidzhom Zainol; Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud; Veerman, J.A.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2022.115854

Cited by 47 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…For real applications, Pd and Y will also have to be corrected for the energy loss from the pressure drop. This aspect is discussed in earlier publications [ 58 , 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Multivalent Ions On Red Powermentioning

confidence: 94%

Concepts and Misconceptions Concerning the Influence of Divalent Ions on the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis Using Natural Waters

Veerman¹

2023

Membranes

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Divalent ions have a negative effect on the obtained power and efficiency of the reverse electrodialysis (RED) process when using natural waters. These effects can largely be attributed to the interaction between the various ions and the membranes, resulting in a decreased membrane voltage, an increased membrane resistance, and uphill transport of divalent ions. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of these differences and, if possible, to find underlying causes. The approach mainly followed that in literature articles that specifically focused on the effect of divalent ions on RED. It transpired that seven publications were useful because the methodology was well described and sufficient data was published. I found two widely shared misconceptions. The first concerns the role of the stack voltage in uphill transport of divalent ions; itis often thought that the open circuit voltage (OCV) must be taken into account, but it is plausible that the voltage under working conditions is the critical factor. The second debatable point concerns the methodology used to make a series of solutions to study the effect of divalent ions. Typically, solutions with a constant number of moles of salt are used; however, it is better to make a series with a constant ratio of equivalents of those salts. Moreover, it is plausible that the decreased voltage can be explained by the inherently lower Donnan potential of multi-charged ions and that increased resistance is caused by the fact that divalent ions—with a lower mobility there than the monovalent ions—occupy relatively much of the available space in the gel phase of the membrane. While both resistance and voltage play a decisive role in RED and probably also in other membrane processes like electrodialysis (ED), it is remarkable that there are so few publications that focus on measurements on individual membranes. The implications of these results is that research on the effect of divalent ions in RED, ED and similar processes needs to be more structured in the future. Relatively simple procedures can be developed for the determination of membrane resistance in solutions of mixtures of mono- and divalent salts. The same applies to determining the membrane potential. The challenge is to arrive at a standard method for equipment, methodology, and the composition of the test solutions.

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“…For real applications, Pd and Y will also have to be corrected for the energy loss from the pressure drop. This aspect is discussed in earlier publications [ 58 , 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Multivalent Ions On Red Powermentioning

confidence: 94%

Concepts and Misconceptions Concerning the Influence of Divalent Ions on the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis Using Natural Waters

Veerman¹

2023

Membranes

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“…Beyond the process, the membrane is the core component of ED, whose structure and properties can be tailored to facilitate faster entry of monovalent cations into it or transport through interlayer nanochannels. In general, the enhancement of permselectivity can follow three separation mechanisms: (1) a partial dehydration process dominated by the Gibbs hydration energy of the cations and the hydrophilicity of the membrane, (2) a pore-size sieving effect due to the larger hydrated radius of multivalent cations, and (3) electrostatic repulsion toward high-valence cations. , The crystal/hydrated radii and Gibbs hydration energies of various cations are listed in Table , , while the three mechanisms for the fabrication of novel MCEMs described above are illustrated in Figure .…”

Section: Process and Membrane Materials Innovations Of Edmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Progress of Electrodialysis Technologies and Membrane Materials for Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brines

et al. 2023

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Salt lake brines have become the main source of lithium owing to their abundant reserves and low extraction costs. The low absolute concentration of Li+ and the complexity of accompanying ions in the brines are crucial issues, thereby inspiring the development of a variety of lithium extraction technologies. Among them, electrodialysis (ED) enables acceptable separation performance, reduced energy consumption, and near-zero pollution toward salt lake brines with a high Mg2+/Li+ mass ratio. Most recently, the rapid advancement of integrated ED technologies and emerging strategies for membrane material fabrications are conducive to facilitating the implementation of this technology. The newly proposed processes can achieve higher energy utilization and enhance the concentration of lithium salt products. For membrane materials, the superior permselectivity between lithium and magnesium is still the current pursuit. The key metrics for developing membranes involve tuning the materials’ hydrophilicity, pore size, and charge. Among them, due to the rise of lithium-specific recognition materials, it is believed that coupling them with ED technology to achieve efficient and precise extraction of lithium will be the future development direction.

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“…This is as expected with dilution of the cationic groups in the high IEC RG-AEMs lowering the fixed charge densities (C fix ), which leads to lower permselectivities. 1,10 Looking at the relationship between a and room temperature Cl À conductivities (s Cl À) (Fig. 2 left), the aromatic DMI headgroup seems to provide the best a values without excessive losses of conductivity compared to the other headgroups (including with the other aromatic headgroup, PYR, which yields the highest conductivities but with poorer a values).…”

Section: Materials Advances Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimal balance between the permselectivity and conductivity of ion-exchange membranes (IEM) is important for their successful deployment in applications such as reverse electrodialysis (RED). 1 It is desirable to deploy an IEM that has both a high permselectivity and a high conductivity (low in situ ohmic resistance). 2 This paper reports a short follow-up to a prior 2021 study that looked into the most effective method of crosslinking radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes (RG-AEM) in order to raise permselectivies whilst avoiding excessive reductions in conductivity.…”

Section: Introduction and Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in permselectivity of radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes with different cationic headgroup chemistries are primarily due to water content differences

Chakraborty¹,

Salam

Choolaei

et al. 2023

Mater. Adv.

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Towards the development of new generation of ion exchange membranes for reverse electrodialysis: A review

Cited by 47 publications

References 127 publications

Concepts and Misconceptions Concerning the Influence of Divalent Ions on the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis Using Natural Waters

Concepts and Misconceptions Concerning the Influence of Divalent Ions on the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis Using Natural Waters

Developmental Progress of Electrodialysis Technologies and Membrane Materials for Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brines

Changes in permselectivity of radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes with different cationic headgroup chemistries are primarily due to water content differences

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