“…Most of the work on developing environmental methods for field applications has involved sensors or microfluidic devices for single analytes, or new miniature in situ water samplers, where the sample is recovered and analysed using conventional laboratory instrumentation (Bowden et al, 2002b;Datta and Banerjee, 2007;Gkritzalis-Papdopoulos et al, 2012;Jokerst et al, 2012). For field use, a lab-on-a-chip device of this nature offers huge potential advantages over existing in situ continuous monitoring technologies, because of robustness, reduced power and reagent requirements, reduced waste burden, and the capability to be hidden discretely to minimise interference by vandals (Ramirez-Garcia et al, 2008;Jokerst et al, 2012). The nature of these labon-a-chip devices would also mean that multiple locations throughout a catchment could be monitored easily within the framework of an integrated sensor network.…”