Towards the Determination of the Origin of Sulfur Compounds in Marine Zones by Means of the Chloride/Sulfate Ratio: Applications in Atmospheric Corrosion Studies

Echeverría, M.; Abreu, C.M.; González, Alberto Monsalve; Ortega, A.; Echeverría, C.A.

doi:10.1149/2.0751606jes

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This is not surprising considering that of the total salts in oceanic waters (and consequently in marine aerosol), 7.68 wt% are SO 4 2− ions while Cl − ions represent 55.4 wt%. The Cl − /SO 4 2− ratio is about 7 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Atmospheric corrosion of zinc in coastal atmospheres

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Fuente

Chico

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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The atmospheric corrosion of zinc in pure marine coastal atmospheres has not been extensively studied. This paper presents the results obtained in six pure marine atmospheres located at different distances from the seashore in the same coastal area with annual chloride deposition rates of between 47 and 1142 mg · m−2 · day−1. Zinc specimens were exposed for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in two annual exposure sequences starting 6 months apart. Tests were performed to determine the corrosion rate and its evolution with exposure time. Quantitative (Rietveld) grazing X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (C 1s) were applied to analyze the corrosion products formed. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry were employed to study the morphology of the corrosion layers. The most relevant findings of this study are: (a) the presence of hydrozincite [Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6]; (b) the aqueous precipitation can be a major controlling factor of the atmospheric corrosion of zinc in atmospheres with low chloride deposition rates (30–50 mg · m−2 · day−1); and (c) the formation of zinc hydroxysulfates also takes place due to the presence of sulfate ions in the marine aerosol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Atmospheric corrosion of zinc in coastal atmospheres

Fuentes

Fuente

Chico

et al. 2019

Materials & Corrosion

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“…On the one hand, it may be related to the rapid reduction in SO 2 and sulfate emissions in many regions (especially in Europe, the United States [US], and China) during recent years, which has resulted in the sharp decline in the observed concentration of sulfate (de Meij et al., 2006; Fedkin et al., 2019; Itahashi et al., 2018; H. Li et al., 2019; McClure & Jaffe, 2018; Sickles & Shadwick, 2015; Xie et al., 2016). On the other hand, considering that the WD of sulfate is derived from cloud formation and has great uncertainty (Breider et al., 2017; Z. Chen et al., 2019; Dentener et al., 2006; Echeverria et al., 2016; Horowitz, 2006; Luo et al., 2020), it also tends to be underestimated in some studies (S. Itahashi, 2018; Sedefian et al., 2016; Vivanco et al., 2017). An analysis of modeling studies suggests that the greatest uncertainty in global sulfur cycling is derived from the WD of aerosol sulfate and the heterogeneous oxidation of SO 2 in clouds and aerosols (Faloona, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement and Uncertainties of Global Simulation of Sulfate Concentration and Radiative Forcing in CESM2

Liu

Shi

et al. 2022

JGR Atmospheres

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Sulfate is one of the major species of aerosol. Both natural sources (such as oxidation of dimethyl sulfur [DMS]) over the ocean and anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) are important sources of sulfate (Hussain & Lun, 2019;Sanchez et al., 2018;Yan & Xu, 2021). Human industrial activities have increased significantly since the industrial era, and the gas-phase, liquid-phase and surface heterogeneous oxidations of SO 2 have gradually accounted for the main sources of sulfate (B. Liu et al., 2017;Xue et al., 2016). As an important component of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), sulfate at high concentrations will aggravate the formation of haze, thus causing serious air pollution and influencing human health (Sha et al., 2019;B. Zheng et al., 2015;Zhou et al., 2020). Moreover, sulfate is also one of the main species of acid deposition, reducing the pH values of rain droplets and aggravating acid rain (M. Liu et al., 2020;Lu et al., 2015;. At the same time, sulfate is also the main component of cloud condensation nuclei, which affects microphysical processes, including the formation of clouds and precipitation, thus affecting solar radiation and climate (Cziczo et al., 2013). Furthermore, sulfate itself is also one of the key short-lived species that has negative radiative forcing (RF),

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“…With so many factors governing deposition, it is necessary to have techniques that reliably identify and quantify the deposition of these species at an exposure site of interest. The Wet Candle is one technique which is commonly used by corrosion engineers to capture chloride and sulphate ions from passive dry atmospheric deposition [17,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The Wet Candle has the advantage of being a robust, low maintenance, and cost-effective method for capturing corrosive aerosols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric corrosion severity and the precision of salt deposition measurements made by the wet candle method

Santucci

Davis

Sanders

2021

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology

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The Wet Candle technique quantifies the dry deposition flux of atmospheric species onto a gauze wick. Salt deposition flux is used to rate the corrosion severity of outdoor test sites. It is important to quantify the precision of the Wet Candle method if the results are used to compare the atmospheric corrosivity of various sites. An analysis of Wet Candle precision is conducted in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. The percent deviation is 3.2% for chloride repeatability and 3.3% for chloride reproducibility. Interval testing is conducted to determine if weekly intervals added together yield a deposition flux similar to a month-long interval. Weekly results are assessed alongside meteorological data to correlate atmospheric conditions to dry deposition. Finally, the erroneous contribution of chloride from various types of gloves to deposition flux is quantified. Based on these findings, recommendations are made on how to avoid various sources of error.

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Towards the Determination of the Origin of Sulfur Compounds in Marine Zones by Means of the Chloride/Sulfate Ratio: Applications in Atmospheric Corrosion Studies

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

Atmospheric corrosion of zinc in coastal atmospheres

Atmospheric corrosion of zinc in coastal atmospheres

Improvement and Uncertainties of Global Simulation of Sulfate Concentration and Radiative Forcing in CESM2

Atmospheric corrosion severity and the precision of salt deposition measurements made by the wet candle method

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