“…The two experimental studies described here, however, clearly demonstrate that barrier generation is possible in realistic subsurface materials at existing sites, including the shallow sub-surface on the UK's Sellafield site. We have previously assessed the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of EKR with in situ mineral precipitation at TRL 4–7, 4 and the work described here reinforces this towards the higher end of this estimate; e.g. , towards an operational prototype in real systems.…”
Section: Concluding Remarks Further Research Requirements and Wider A...supporting
confidence: 62%
“…The technique works in a variety of low-permeability substrates including inhomogeneous, low-permeability ( e.g. clayey) soils, can be applied ex or in situ , 1 and has been used by a range of groups for the treatment of metal, 2 organic 3 and radioactively 4 contaminated materials. Alongside other in situ technologies ( e.g.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At sites with radioactive contamination, for example, this is vital where worker safety is a top priority. 4 Further, where the physical removal of contaminated material is not possible ( e.g. for contaminated buried (geological) materials or soil under a structure), EKR may still be applied.…”
Following earlier field-scale pilot work on nuclear site materials in the late 2000s, there has recently been renewed research and industry interest in the application of electrokinetic technologies for nuclear...
“…The two experimental studies described here, however, clearly demonstrate that barrier generation is possible in realistic subsurface materials at existing sites, including the shallow sub-surface on the UK's Sellafield site. We have previously assessed the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of EKR with in situ mineral precipitation at TRL 4–7, 4 and the work described here reinforces this towards the higher end of this estimate; e.g. , towards an operational prototype in real systems.…”
Section: Concluding Remarks Further Research Requirements and Wider A...supporting
confidence: 62%
“…The technique works in a variety of low-permeability substrates including inhomogeneous, low-permeability ( e.g. clayey) soils, can be applied ex or in situ , 1 and has been used by a range of groups for the treatment of metal, 2 organic 3 and radioactively 4 contaminated materials. Alongside other in situ technologies ( e.g.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At sites with radioactive contamination, for example, this is vital where worker safety is a top priority. 4 Further, where the physical removal of contaminated material is not possible ( e.g. for contaminated buried (geological) materials or soil under a structure), EKR may still be applied.…”
Following earlier field-scale pilot work on nuclear site materials in the late 2000s, there has recently been renewed research and industry interest in the application of electrokinetic technologies for nuclear...
“…Of the examined technologies, none are effective at removing all of 129 I, 99 Tc, 90 Sr and 3 H. This highlights the need for simultaneous growth in research areas looking at improving the efficiency of current techniques, enhancing the development of "treatment train" approaches (potentially including natural attenuation for shorter-lived DTMRs), and continued progression of emerging technologies to minimise scenarios where no remediation strategies are appropriate. Alternative techniques such as electrokinetic remediation and silica grouting are being developed but their application towards DTMRs (with the exception of 90 Sr 134,136 ) remains unreported, particularly at larger (eld or eld pilot) scale. The need for advancement in this area is clear but current progress is hindered due to the difficulty associated with measuring DTMRs in situ.…”
Difficult-to-measure radionuclides (DTMRs), defined by an absence of high energy gamma emissions during decay, are problematic in groundwaters at nuclear sites. DTMRs are common contaminants at many nuclear facilities, with...
“…The migration of contaminants and their transport mechanism is highly dependent on these factors. EKR is most effective in fine-grained and heterogenous soils as they have a higher ion-migration rate (i.e., higher in sandy soil than in clayey soil) [ 60 ]. A lower pH is often recommended for EKR because a higher pH causes the heavy metals to precipitate, preventing the flow of pollutants.…”
Section: Overview Of Ekr Technology For Soil Remediationmentioning
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