Towards tailpipe sub-23 nm solid particle number measurements for heavy-duty vehicles regulations

Giechaskiel, Barouch; Schwelberger, Matthias; Kronlund, Linus; Delacroix, Christophe; Locke, Logan A.; Khan, M. Yusuf; Jakobsson, Tobias; Otsuki, Yoshinori; Gandi, Sawan; Keller, S.; Grob, Benedikt; Dardiodis, Christos; Mamakos, Athanasios; Karlsson, Hua Lu

doi:10.1016/j.treng.2022.100137

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…For D2 and D3, the percentages are very high (>50%) in the range of 7 × 10 10 #/kWh to 3 × 10 11 #/kWh. Such high levels have also been reported by other studies [21,22]. This range is at or above the Commission's proposed "hot" limit for Euro 7 (2 × 10 11 #/kWh for SPN10), but within the Council's proposal of 9 × 10 11 #/kWh [70].…”

Section: Vehicle Spn Emissionssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Furthermore, heavyduty engines' exhaust gas temperature is high, and the cooling in the long tube could have resulted in high thermophoretic losses. The differences are in the expected range between systems sampling raw and diluted exhaust gas for heavy-duty engines [22,63] or light-duty vehicles [64] exhaust.…”

Section: Reference Laboratory Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urea dosing is used to reduce NO x emissions, but in some cases, "solid" particles appear downstream of the selective catalytic reduction for the NO x system [20]. Studies have found higher emissions of about +1 × 10 11 #/kWh by lowering the size from 23 nm to 10 nm [21][22][23]. These particles are believed to be ammonium salts [24,25] or urea decomposition products (cyanuric acid and ammelide) [21,[26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While research studies with SPN PEMS exist (e.g., [41,42]), the assessment of PEMS is limited. One of the few studies with heavy-duty engines and with three PEMS manufacturers found differences to the 10 nm reference instruments of 50% [22]. Studies with light-duty vehicles have found differences of 50% for four 10 nm instrument manufacturers and a wide range of engine technologies [43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the focus is on the future 10 nm systems, results with the 23 nm systems are also given. Compared to previous PEMS assessment studies with light-duty [43] and heavy-duty vehicles [22], we extend with more engines and boundary conditions. The study covers conditions from −7 to 35 • C for CNG and diesel vehicles with market (B7) or HVO fuel operating in real-world driving conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solid Particle Number (SPN) Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) for Heavy-Duty Applications

Giechaskiel,

Melas,

Broekaert

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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A heavy-duty engine is homologated in a test cell. However, starting with Euro VI regulation, the in-service conformity is controlled with the engine installed in the vehicle using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). In Europe, the application of solid particle number (SPN) PEMS started in 2021 for compression ignition (diesel) vehicles and in 2023 for positive ignition vehicles, thus including those operating with compressed natural gas (CNG). Even though today only particles with sizes > 23 nm are regulated, the Euro 7 proposal includes particles > 10 nm. There are not many studies on the accuracy of the SPN PEMS, especially for heavy-duty applications. In this study, PEMS measuring > 23 and >10 nm from two instrument manufacturers were compared with laboratory-grade instruments. The particle detector of one PEMS was a condensation particle counter (CPC), and of the other a the diffusion charger (DC). The results showed the robustness and good accuracy (40% or 1 × 1011 #/kWh) of the PEMS for ambient temperatures from −7 °C to 35 °C, active regeneration events, different fuels (Diesel B7, HVO, and CNG), different test cycles, cold start or hot engine operations, and high exhaust gas humidity content. Nevertheless, for the DC-based PEMS, sensitivity to pre-charged urea particles was identified, and for the CPC-based PEMS, sensitivity to pressure changes with one vehicle was nnoticed. Nevertheless, the results of this study confirm that the PEMS are accurate enough to measure even the stricter Euro 7 limits.

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Section: Vehicle Spn Emissionssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Reference Laboratory Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solid Particle Number (SPN) Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) for Heavy-Duty Applications

Giechaskiel,

Melas,

Broekaert

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Real-world particulate, GHG, and gaseous toxic emissions from heavy-duty diesel and natural gas vehicles

Toumasatos,

Zhu,

Durbin

et al. 2024

Atmospheric Environment

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Evaluation of Advanced Diesel Particulate Filter Concepts for Post Euro VI Heavy-Duty Diesel Applications

Mamakos¹,

Rose²,

Besch

et al. 2022

Atmosphere

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The European Commission (EC) is in the process of finalizing the proposal for the upcoming legislative stage for light- and heavy-duty vehicles. The emission performance over extended operating conditions is under consideration. Furthermore, a tightening of the Solid Particle Number (SPN) limits with a parallel shift of the lowest detectable size from 23 to 10 nm has been suggested. This paper investigates the SPN emission performance of a Euro VI step E HDV and the potential offered by an advanced Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) to meet the upcoming regulations. Cold start emissions at clean DPF state were found to be as high as 1.3 × 1012 #/kWh, while passive regeneration events could lead to hot start emissions of 3 × 1011 #/kWh. Improvements in the filtration efficiencies at clean state, similar to those offered by the advanced DPF (>99%), will be needed to tackle these operating conditions. The measurements also revealed the formation of 10 nm SPN in the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, at a rate of ~1.2 × 1011 #/kWh. These levels lie above the proposed limit of 1011 #/kWh, highlighting the need to also control these non-volatile nanosized particles.

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Towards tailpipe sub-23 nm solid particle number measurements for heavy-duty vehicles regulations

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Solid Particle Number (SPN) Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) for Heavy-Duty Applications

Solid Particle Number (SPN) Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) for Heavy-Duty Applications

Real-world particulate, GHG, and gaseous toxic emissions from heavy-duty diesel and natural gas vehicles

Evaluation of Advanced Diesel Particulate Filter Concepts for Post Euro VI Heavy-Duty Diesel Applications

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