Towards Software-Defined Protection, Automation, and Control in Power Systems: Concepts, State of the Art, and Future Challenges

Kabbara, Nadine; Belaid, Mohand Ouamer Nait; Gibescu, Madeleine; Camargo, Luis Ramirez; Cantenot, Jérôme; Coste, T.; Audebert, Vincent; Morais, Hugo

doi:10.3390/en15249362

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The SS concept should not be considered a static construct, but rather a blueprint geared towards evolution. One such example is the possibility of a service and equipment consolidation trend in SS and SG systems, pretty much in line with what happened in the IT world, with the introduction of virtualized protection and control components [39] and/or networks, to improve flexibility, resiliency and protection. This direction had already been hinted at in previous work focused on virtualizing automation equipment using commodity hardware [40], but gained traction in recent years with an emerging body of SS and SG related research.…”

Section: H Ss Function Virtualization: the Road Ahead?mentioning

confidence: 89%

Smart Substation Communications and Cybersecurity: A Comprehensive Survey

Gaspar

Cruz

Lam

et al. 2023

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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Electrical grids generate, transport, distribute and deliver electrical power to consumers through a complex Critical Infrastructure which progressively shifted from an air-gaped to a connected architecture. Specifically, Smart Substations are important parts of Smart Grids, providing switching, transforming, monitoring, metering and protection functions to offer a safe, efficient and reliable distribution of electrical power to consumers. The evolution of electrical power grids was closely followed by the digitization of all its parts and improvements in communication and computing infrastructures, leading to an evolution towards digital smart substations with improved connectivity. However, connected smart substations are exposed to cyber threats which can result in blackouts and faults which may propagate in a chain reaction and damage electrical appliances connected across the electrical grid. This work organizes and offers a comprehensive review of architectural, communications and cybersecurity standards for smart substations, complemented by a threat landscape analysis and the presentation of a Defense-in-Depth strategy blueprint. Furthermore, this work examines several defense mechanisms documented in the literature, existing datasets, testbeds and evaluation methodologies, identifying the most relevant open issues which may guide and inspire future research work.

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Section: H Ss Function Virtualization: the Road Ahead?mentioning

confidence: 89%

Smart Substation Communications and Cybersecurity: A Comprehensive Survey

Gaspar

Cruz

Lam

et al. 2023

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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“…This article presents a procedure and an implementation example of a protection IED for this purpose. This paper will show how the communication and function layer can be designed and implemented using open-source libraries based on the design specification for vIEDs from [6,14]. The mapping quality of the function will then be analyzed in Section 3.…”

Section: Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

The Implementation and Evaluation of Virtualized Protection Intelligent Electronic Devices into a Virtual Substation

Rösch,

Schäfer,

Nicolai

2024

Electricity

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This paper presents an investigation into the virtualization of substation protection IED functions using a sophisticated co-simulation environment that integrates virtual intelligent electronic devices (vIEDs) with a real-time power grid simulation. Anchored by the IEC 61850 protocol, this study constructs a virtualized IED framework, emphasizing the encapsulation of protection schemes using the example of different types of overcurrent protection within a containerized vIED. Using open-source software, this study aims to replicate the communication and functional aspects of physical IEDs. This study uses a co-simulation environment that couples virtualized network components with a real-time power grid simulation to validate the vIEDs against real substation hardware. Simulation results from induced short-circuit events confirm the operational congruence of the vIEDs with their physical counterparts, demonstrating their potential to serve as cost-effective and adaptable testbeds for substation automation. This paper concludes that virtualized IEDs represent a cost-effective, flexible alternative for substation automation testing, with future research directed towards increasing the functional complexity and real-world applicability of these virtual systems.

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“…The complexity can be problematic in control or protection activities that require deterministic, millisecond-grade response times. As reviewed in [20], IT/OT convergence can be contributed to by defining the functionality in software rather than hardware. According to the study, the goal is currently hindered by difficulties in the transition, including interoperability and stakeholders.…”

Section: A Servitization In Power Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed Service Choreography Framework for Interoperability Among Prosumers and Electric Power System

Kannisto,

Gümrükcü,

Ponci

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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The electric power system is transforming from a strict hierarchy into a distributed scheme that consists of prosumers and other service providers. Some services require interactions more complex than request-response. To reach functional interoperability, such services necessitate an agreement about what actions happen, in which order, and in which conditions. Such agreements can be modeled as service choreographies, a concept familiar from microservice architectures (MSA). However, the management of choreographies is demanding, especially in inter-organizational (or actor-to-actor) schemes, if changes occur frequently or the number of participants and choreography instances is high. This article proposes Discografia, a framework to support the distributed execution of service choreographies modeled with the standard Business Process Model and Notation 2.0 (BPMN2). Beyond distributed execution, certain operations must be centralized, specifically for security as well as lifecycle and execution support. The framework is proven with a software prototype to demonstrate applicability. The prototype coordinates the charging of electric vehicles (EV) among competing aggregators operating in urban charging hubs (UCH). Additionally, the concept is evaluated with theoretical calculations that suggest reduced manual effort in communicating choreography specifications. Thus, this paper argues that Discografia concept for distributed service choreographing facilitates inter-organizational interoperability, an essential factor in future power system.

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Towards Software-Defined Protection, Automation, and Control in Power Systems: Concepts, State of the Art, and Future Challenges

Cited by 17 publications

References 62 publications

Smart Substation Communications and Cybersecurity: A Comprehensive Survey

Smart Substation Communications and Cybersecurity: A Comprehensive Survey

The Implementation and Evaluation of Virtualized Protection Intelligent Electronic Devices into a Virtual Substation

Distributed Service Choreography Framework for Interoperability Among Prosumers and Electric Power System

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