“…In general, most authors propose a solution based on deep-RL approaches (e.g., [154,155,220]), whereby especially older publications are limited to regression analyses for demand prediction combined with optimization approaches (e.g., [137,207]). In dependence of the actual sharing type as well as sharing mode, the formulation of the relocation optimization models differ, so that for dockless SMS, it is the state-of-the-art approach in literature and practice to use grid-based environments to obtain a spatial discretization of the operating area into zones (see, e.g., [144,154,155,213,214,215,220]) -the counterpart of stations in docked SMS (see, e.g., [174,218,219]). Regarding time, the considered time frame is discretized into periods for both dockless and docked SMS.…”