Towards single-molecule nanomechanical mass spectrometry

Naik, Akshay; Hanay, M. Selim; Hiebert, Wayne K.; Feng, Philip X.‐L.; Roukes, M. L.

doi:10.1038/nnano.2009.152

Cited by 613 publications

(548 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The use of ultrathin cantilevers with thickness below 100 nm is justified to boost the stiffness effect. The proposed technology is feasible as ultrathin cantilevers can routinely be fabricated and methods for the delivery of biological particles one by one to the resonator in vacuum have been demonstrated [9][10] . A key piece in this approach is a model that accounts for the effect of the stiffness of the biological particles on the recorded jumps in the resonant frequencies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We envisage a novel biological spectrometry technique based on the measurement of several vibration modes of ultrathin micro-and nanocantilevers for the identification of adsorbed biomolecules and biological systems by two coordinates: the mass [8][9][10][11] and its stiffness 1 . The use of ultrathin cantilevers with thickness below 100 nm is justified to boost the stiffness effect.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Physics of Nanomechanical Spectrometry of Viruses

Ruz¹,

Tamayo²,

Pini³

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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There is an emerging need of nanotools able to quantify the mechanical properties of single biological entities. A promising approach is the measurement of the shifts of the resonant frequencies of ultrathin cantilevers induced by the adsorption of the studied biological systems. Here, we present a detailed theoretical analysis to calculate the resonance frequency shift induced by the mechanical stiffness of viral nanotubes. The model accounts for the high surface-to-volume ratio featured by single biological entities, the shape anisotropy and the interfacial adhesion. The model is applied to the case in which tobacco mosaic virus is randomly delivered to a silicon nitride cantilever. The theoretical framework opens the door to a novel paradigm for biological spectrometry as well as for measuring the Young's modulus of biological systems with minimal strains.I t is increasingly evident the intimate link between the mechanical properties of biological systems and its role in fundamental biological processes and disease 1 . This link spans from the molecular scale to the tissue scale. For example, the elasticity of cells has become a reliable indicator of cell transformation into cancerous or metastatic cells [2][3] . Similarly, recent reports have demonstrated the biological relevance of the mechanical properties of viruses. Viruses are able to dynamically modulate their mechanical properties in response to external forces, so as to withstand those forces or to ease cell infection 4 . For instance, in the human immunodeficiency and murine leukemia viruses, the stiffness largely decreases during the maturation process, acting as a mechanical switch for the infection process 5 . Strikingly, a single point mutation in the capsid protein of some viruses can significantly change their elasticity 6 . It is therefore fundamental the development of nanotools that enable the accurate quantification of the nanomechanical properties of single biological entities with high throughput. These tools can provide new insights on how the structural conformation, biological function, and mechanical properties of biomolecules and their hierarchical assemblies are related each other. The most prominent method to measure the mechanical properties of biological entities has been so far nanoindentation with the cantilever/tip assembly of an atomic force microscope (AFM) 7 . However, a number of challenges exist with the AFM for the quantification of the mechanical properties. Mainly, the nanoindentation curves strongly depend on the nanometer-scale geometry of the tip/sample contact, which in most of the cases cannot be controlled. Other difficulties include the contribution of the underlying substrate, the effect of adhesion, non-linear loading and the lack of accurate theoretical models.We envisage a novel biological spectrometry technique based on the measurement of several vibration modes of ultrathin micro-and nanocantilevers for the identification of adsorbed biomolecules and biological systems by two coordinates: the mass 8-11 an...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics of Nanomechanical Spectrometry of Viruses

Ruz¹,

Tamayo²,

Pini³

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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“…Nanostrings offer significant potential for sensing applications, 21 provided that they can be accurately calibrated. 22 In this work, the absolute displacement of a nanostring is determined from measurements of its thermal activation.…”

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Dissipation mechanisms in thermomechanically driven silicon nitride nanostrings

Suhel

Hauer

Biswas

et al. 2012

Applied Physics Letters

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High-stress silicon nitride nanostrings are a promising system for sensing applications because of their ultrahigh mechanical quality factors (Qs). By performing thermomechanical calibration across multiple vibrational modes, we are able to assess the roles of the various dissipation mechanisms in these devices. Specifically, we possess a set of nanostrings in which all measured modes fall upon a single curve of peak displacement versus frequency. This allows us to rule out bulk bending and intrinsic loss mechanisms as dominant sources of dissipation and to conclude that the most significant contribution to dissipation in high-stress nanostrings occurs at the anchor points.The extremely high values of mechanical Q that have been reported in silicon nitride nanostrings 1-3 have generated a great deal of excitement in the nanomechanics community. 4 These devices are ideal for use in mass sensing, 5 temperature sensing, 6 and optomechanics 7-9 and have proved to be an invaluable platform for research into the quantum properties of nanoscale resonators. 10,11 Nanostrings possess all the desired properties for these endeavors, including small mass, high frequency, and high Q, with correspondingly large displacement amplitudes. This combination makes them sensitive to external perturbation yet still within the limits of current detection techniques. 12 In this manuscript, we demonstrate thermomechanically limited detection of up to six mechanical nanostring modes. Furthermore, we present a set of devices in which all harmonics fall upon a single curve of calibrated peak displacement versus frequency. As we discuss below, we are able to infer that the mechanical Q is limited by dissipation processes operating in the vicinity of the anchor points-thus suggesting ways to further engineer the mechanical Q.Silicon nitride nanostrings are devices under extremely high tensile stress (σ = 0.8 GPa for our devices). The accepted understanding is that the tension along their length results in large stored elastic energy and a correspondingly large mechanical Q. 3 Experiments have confirmed that Q increases with mechanical tensioning of non-prestressed (low tension, non-stoichiometric silicon nitride) devices, 13,14 corroborating the tension's central role.In addition to causing the high Q, the tension compels the devices to behave like strings rather than doubly clamped beams, as one would usually expect for this geometry. The harmonics are at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, 15 ν n = nν 1 , where ν 1 is the fundamental mode frequency and n indicates the mode number; the mode frequency depends only on the length of the string (not on the width or thickness). These features are in contrast to the more complicated harmonics of doubly clamped beams, 16 which are realized in low-stress silicon nitride devices of the same geometry. 17 Furthermore, it has now been shown that very high mechanical Qs exist for nanostrings under tension in a variety of other materials, including the polymer SU-8, 18 aluminum, 6,19 and AuPd...

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“…Micro-and nano-mechanical beam resonators are promising for applications in timing, sensing, and physical measurement [1][2][3][4][5]. The advantages of micro-and nano-resonators over the macro-size ones are high operation frequency, high sensitivity in physical measurements, and low energy consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoelastic Damping Depending on Vibration Modes of Nano Beam Resonator

Hoang¹

2016

Comm. in Phys.

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Abstract. The obtainable quality factor for a nano beam resonator is limited due to internal damping such as thermoelastic damping. Therefore, understanding how internal damping varies with the respective resonant modes is very important to design a high performance nanoresonator. In this research, we investigate thermoelastic damping depending on vibration modes of nano beam resonators using finite element method. The study results show that the quality factor of a nanoresonator is lower than at high order modes. The silicon nano beam resonator with the quality factor larger than one million can be achieved by optimizing the dimensions of the resonant beam.

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Towards single-molecule nanomechanical mass spectrometry

Cited by 613 publications

References 30 publications

Physics of Nanomechanical Spectrometry of Viruses

Physics of Nanomechanical Spectrometry of Viruses

Dissipation mechanisms in thermomechanically driven silicon nitride nanostrings

Thermoelastic Damping Depending on Vibration Modes of Nano Beam Resonator

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