Towards Safer and Smarter Design for Lithium-Ion-Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review on Control Strategy Architecture of Battery Management System

Abstract

As the battery provides the entire propulsion power in electric vehicles (EVs), the utmost importance should be ascribed to the battery management system (BMS) which controls all the activities associated with the battery. This review article seeks to provide readers with an overview of prominent BMS subsystems and their influence on vehicle performance, along with their architectures. Moreover, it collates many recent research activities and critically reviews various control strategies and execution topologies implied in different aspects of BMSs, including battery modeling, states estimation, cell-balancing, and thermal management. The internal architecture of a BMS, along with the architectures of the control modules, is examined to demonstrate the working of an entire BMS control module. Moreover, a critical review of different battery models, control approaches for state estimation, cell-balancing, and thermal management is presented in terms of their salient features and merits and demerits allowing readers to analyze and understand them. The review also throws light on modern technologies implied in BMS, such as IoT (Internet of Things) and cloud-based BMS, to address issues of battery safety. Towards the end of the review, some challenges associated with the design and development of efficient BMSs for E-mobility applications are discussed and the article concludes with recommendations to tackle these challenges.

A general introduction to lithium-ion batteries: From the first concept to the top six commercials and beyond

“…In the upcoming years, electric and hybrid electric cars are anticipated to be the major consumers of lithium-ion batteries. Over the forecast period, rising fossil fuel prices and increased public awareness of the advantages offered by battery-powered vehicles are expected to support the growth of the automotive application category [9][10].…”

Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Advanced Battery Management System in Electric Vehicle Applications: A Statistical Analysis towards Future Research Opportunities

“…The BMS plays a key role in managing and optimizing the performance of EVs. The BMS is a critical component of EVs, ensuring the safety, longevity, and performance of the battery pack while enhancing the overall driving experience for users [8]. The development of an effective and intelligent BMS is essential to estimate remaining useful life (RUL), state of energy (SOE), state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH), as well as to perform charge balancing, temperature management, and fault diagnostics, [9].…”

Cell Design for Improving Low-Temperature Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

“…As a kind of new-energy vehicles, electric vehicles have an energy conversion rate of 75% or higher, which is considerably larger than that of conventional vehicles, and are characterized by energy savings and low pollution [4][5][6][7]; therefore, they are widely considered a promising approach to achieving a clean, efficient transportation system [8]. Electric vehicles have developed rapidly in recent years and have gradually become a global hot spot.…”

“…In order to improve the low-temperature performance of batteries, from the perspective of the system, researchers often focus on optimizing the battery's thermal management system to improve the temperature of the battery's operating environment [8]. From the perspective of materials and cells, researchers often focus on improving the anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials, optimizing the porosity, compaction density, and thickness of the electrode, so as to essentially improve the ionic conductivity, ionic conduction rate, and diffusion rate of the battery and shorten the ionic conduction distance [20,23].…”