Towards Predicting Reading Comprehension From Gaze Behavior

Ahn, Seoyoung; Kelton, Conor; Balasubramanian, Aruna; Zelinsky, Gregory J.

doi:10.1145/3379156.3391335

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This finding corresponds to the findings of previous studies: factors such as the amount of received information, the inherent complexity of a text, and comprehension level can affect fixation duration (Ahn et al, 2020; Mackworth & Morandi, 1967; Salvucci & Anderson, 1998). Moreover, participants compare A2 (which is obliquely occluded in its lower-right part) and A3 (which is obliquely occluded in its upper-left part).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The eye-tracking metric can also be categorized into three types of information: spatial, temporal, and count. Time to first fixation, fixation duration, and fixation count are the three most-used variables in studies (Ahn et al, 2020; Hernik & Broesch, 2019; Krejtz et al, 2018; Marchezini et al, 2022). Therefore, we adopt these three variables as observed indicators in this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…J. Wang & Minor, 2008; Wojdynski & Bang, 2016; Yan et al, 2018). Through eye-tracking, we can understand the cognitive process and mechanism involved in reading comprehension (Ahn et al, 2020; Rayner et al, 2006) as well as in visual perception (Liversedge & Findlay, 2000; Su et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their research, Ahn et al (2020) mentioned that Underwood et al (1990) is the first article to detect and predict viewers’ cognitive process of reading using the eye movement technique and found the fixation time is a factor used to predict the standard of reading comprehension (high or low). Furthermore, Rayner et al (2001) use print advertisements as stimulus materials and find that most readers’ visual attention is on the text rather than on the picture; specifically, they look at the big text first, then at the small text, and finally at the picture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Occluded Text as a Cue Attracting Visual Attention and Preference in Packaging and Advertising

Liao

2023

SAGE Open

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This study uses occluded text as a visual cue and hypothesizes that a deliberately incomplete advertisement headline or product name enhances visual attention. An experiment on tea packaging and advertisement is applied to investigate whether visual attention and, even viewer preference enhancement, will be affected by occluded text. The experiment contains two parts: first, an eye tracker observes the differences in the participant’s visual attention between samples of incomplete and complete text; second, a questionnaire records the participants’ preferences between the two samples. The result validates our hypothesis that incomplete text elicits a certain level of visual attention as long as viewers can recognize the text; alternatively, if the occlusion causes difficulty in text recognition, the occluded text will fail to attract visual attention and viewer preference. This is particularly true for advertisement headlines. The experiment results of visual attention and viewer preference for the occluded product name on tea packaging are consistent. As for the occluded advertisement headline, however, it attracts only visual attention but is not able to enhance viewer preference. This could be attributed to the fact that participants are affected by different amounts of received information and their complexities when examining experiment samples.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Occluded Text as a Cue Attracting Visual Attention and Preference in Packaging and Advertising

Liao

2023

SAGE Open

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“…2. Similar topologies for LSTM-based recurrent neural networks have been proposed and successfully evaluated for the processing of eye tracking sequences to classify gaze patterns (Ahn, Kelton, Balasubramanian, & Zelinsky, 2020;Alghofaili et al, 2019). The LSTM was trained using stochastic gradient descent with mini-batches (batch size of 30).…”

Section: Classification Of Attentional Focus Using Machine Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Reliably Do Eye Parameters Indicate Internal Versus External Attentional Focus?

et al. 2021

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Eye behavior is increasingly used as an indicator of internal versus external focus of attention both in research and application. However, available findings are partly inconsistent, which might be attributed to the different nature of the employed types of internal and external cognition tasks. The present study, therefore, investigated how consistently different eye parameters respond to internal versus external attentional focus across three task modalities: numerical, verbal, and visuo‐spatial. Three eye parameters robustly differentiated between internal and external attentional focus across all tasks. Blinks, pupil diameter variance, and fixation disparity variance were consistently increased during internally directed attention. We also observed substantial attentional focus effects on other parameters (pupil diameter, fixation disparity, saccades, and microsaccades), but they were moderated by task type. Single‐trial analysis of our data using machine learning techniques further confirmed our results: Classifying the focus of attention by means of eye tracking works well across participants, but generalizing across tasks proves to be challenging. Based on the effects of task type on eye parameters, we discuss what eye parameters are best suited as indicators of internal versus external attentional focus in different settings.

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Predicting Chinese reading proficiency based on eye movement features and machine learning

Shi,

Jiang

2024

Read Writ

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Towards Predicting Reading Comprehension From Gaze Behavior

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Using Occluded Text as a Cue Attracting Visual Attention and Preference in Packaging and Advertising

Using Occluded Text as a Cue Attracting Visual Attention and Preference in Packaging and Advertising

How Reliably Do Eye Parameters Indicate Internal Versus External Attentional Focus?

Predicting Chinese reading proficiency based on eye movement features and machine learning

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