Towards pluralistic and grassroots national identity: a study of national identity representation by the Kurdish diaspora on social media

A Review on Relationship between Curriculum and National Identity in China

“…Scholars have studied age Barrett (2000), gender Batool & Ghayas (2022), citizenship Hainmueller et al (2015), and racial or religious segregation Drouhot & Nee (2019) and other demographic factors in relation to national identity formation. The influence of social context on national identity is also examined, for example, family education Vermeulen & Kranendonk (2021); Ogoro et al (2022), media Du (2023); Nguyen et al (2023); Aghapouri (2020), schooling Rohde-Liebenau (2020), peer influence Schulz & Leszczensky (2016), social conflict (Nair & Sambanis, 2019). National identity connotations, dimensions and their influencing factors have attracted a great deal of interest from researchers.…”

Beyond a centre‐periphery approach: Inter‐minority tensions and the development of contested categories of Kurdish mobilization in Iran

“…More recently, with the prevalence of new social media, this image has been replaced by a bottom‐up movement led by Kurdish civil society. The rise of transnational pan‐Kurdish solidarities is one indication of this shift (Aghapouri, 2020; Keles, 2015; Sheyholislami, 2011).…”

The representation and reconstruction of ethno‐national identity on social media by Kurdish women in Rojhelat, Kurdistan‐Iran

“…Although there is no single piece of research that specifically studies Kurdish women’s online representation in Rojhelat, there are studies on Kurdish new digital media and the way they have had an impact on the representation and construction of Kurdish national identity, and these also include Kurdish women (Candan, 2008; Eriksen, 2007; Hassanpour, 1998; Keles, 2015; Mahmod, 2016; Sheyholislami, 2010, 2011, 2012a, 2012b). For the Kurds, who are usually discussed as the largest non‐state diaspora in the world (Khayati, 2008; Natali, 2004; Romano, 2002), the advent of new media technology has greatly influenced the articulation of Kurdish identity (Aghapouri, 2020; Hassanpour, 1998; Sheyholislami, 2011) and the Kurds’ politics of recognition.…”

“…Studies on Kurdish social media have also indicated the important role of these media – particularly Facebook – in the articulation and construction of Kurdish national identity, although the advent of such media platforms has led some to challenge Benedict Anderson’s (2006) central concept of ‘imagined communities’. In this sense, Jowan Mahmod (2016) argues that the notion of Kurdish national identity has been ‘weakened’ through social media activity in the diaspora, while Jiyar Aghapouri (2020) claims that Kurdish national identity has moved towards ‘pluralistic national identity’ with the development of the one‐to‐one and many‐to‐many exchange of messages rather than the one‐to‐many exchange that was typical of broadcast media. In relation to these studies, it is worth mentioning Manuel Castells (2001: 6), who points out that ‘neither utopia nor dystopia, the internet is the expression of ourselves – through a specific code of communication, which we must understand if we want to change our reality’.…”

“…It provides a space where different ethno‐national group members, who were silenced and deprived of a media voice in the past, can now play an active role in producing their own narratives and presenting their own media content without being exposed or subjected to the hegemonic discourse of mass media. Although we have selected Instagram for our study, this platform is no different from other online forums or social media platforms which enable national minorities or non‐state nations to construct, reproduce, and disseminate discursive constructions of their identity (Aghapouri, 2020; Martin, 2013; Sheyholislami, 2012a).…”