Towards Optimal Power Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Real-Time: A Review on Methods, Challenges, and State-Of-The-Art Solutions

Ali, Ahmed M.; Söffker, Dirk

doi:10.3390/en11030476

Cited by 102 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Many studies focus on either system design [45,46] or Energy Management Strategy (EMS) [47][48][49][50][51], when in-fact, these two aspects are strongly coupled and therefore should be considered concurrently [35,38,43,52]. In particular, Rousseau et al [4] mentioned the energy storage requirement of a vehicle was significantly impacted by changes to the parameters used in their rule-based EMS control strategy.…”

Section: Prior Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Fuel Cell and Battery Size on Efficiency and Cell Lifetime for an L7e Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle

Fletcher

Ebrahimi

2020

Energies

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The size of the fuel cell and battery of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) will heavily affect the overall performance of the vehicle, its fuel economy, driveability, and the rates of fuel cell degradation observed. An undersized fuel cell may experience accelerated ageing of the fuel cell membrane and catalyst due to excessive heat and transient loading. This work describes a multi-objective design exploration exercise of fuel cell size and battery capacity comparing hydrogen fuel consumption, fuel cell lifetime, vehicle mass and running cost. For each system design considered, an individually optimised Energy Management Strategy (EMS) has been generated using Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) in order to prevent bias to the results due to the control strategy. It has been found that the objectives of fuel efficiency, lifetime and running cost are largely complimentary, but degradation and running costs are much more sensitive to design changes than fuel efficiency and therefore should be included in any optimisation. Additionally, due to the expense of the fuel cell, combined with the dominating effect of start/stop cycling degradation, the optimal design from an overall running cost perspective is slightly downsized from one which is optimised purely for high efficiency.

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Section: Prior Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Fuel Cell and Battery Size on Efficiency and Cell Lifetime for an L7e Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle

Fletcher

Ebrahimi

2020

Energies

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“…Moreover, the system is fed back internally with information (main signals of the components) to change the powertrain state according to the primary programming. A vast range of supervisory controller systems have been proposed in the past, ranging from rule-based control (RBC) to optimization based control strategies (dynamic, static, real-time optimization) [29]. The advanced controllers are seen to hold high potential, but the impact so far has been mainly within academic circles.…”

Section: Mild and Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of the parallel and mild hybrid vehicle platforms operating under conventional and advanced combustion modes

Benajes

García

Monsalve‐Serrano

et al. 2019

Energy Conversion and Management

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The stringent regulations, increased global temperature and customer demand for high fuel economy have led to rapid developments of different alternative propulsion solutions in the last decade, with special attention to the electrified vehicles. The combination of electric machines with conventional powertrains allows to diversify the powertrain architectures. In addition, alternative combustion modes as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) have been shown to provide simultaneous ultralow NOx and soot emissions with similar or better thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion (CDC). Therefore, the combination of both technologies creates a promising horizon to be implemented in commercial vehicles of the near future. In this work, experimental and numerical simulations were combined to study the potential of the parallel full hybrid electric vehicle (P2-FHEV) and mild hybrid vehicle (MHEV) to obtain lower fuel consumption and NOx emissions than a conventional powertrain in the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Cycle (WLTC). The hybrid vehicles are simulated with both CDC and diesel-gasoline RCCI combustion engines as power source. Each powertrain was optimized in terms of components (battery, electric motors...) capacity, internal combustion engine operative points, energy management strategy and gear ratios. The results show a significant fuel consumption reduction as the complexity of the hybrid system increases. The parallel architecture, which represents the most complex hybrid system tested in this work, allows obtaining a fuel consumption reduction of around 20% as compared to CDC. The dual-mode CDC-RCCI concept showed improvements in NOx and soot emissions with comparable values in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions than CDC. Additionally, the mild hybrid technology with the functionality of start-stop, torque assist and regenerative braking showed an acceptable balance between complexity and fuel consumption gain.

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“…The cost function to be minimized comprises the estimated lifetime degradation and total energy use over the upcoming limited horizon. Kalman filters are widely implemented to estimate future trajectory of SoC b based on approximate battery models, such that estimation errors due to model inaccuracies can be consistently reduced using feedback control (Ali & Söffker, 2018).…”

Section: Optimal Pms In Real-timementioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-Health-Oriented Power Management Strategy for Multi-Source Electric Vehicles Considering Situation-Based Optimized Solutions in Real-Time

Ali

Moulik²,

Beganović

et al. 2019

PHM_CONF

Self Cite

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This paper presents a novel situation-based power and battery health management strategy for fuel cell vehicles. In such hybrid powertrains, the synergy role of batteries is essential to minimize overall power consumption and maintain higher electric efficiency of the fuel cell. On the other side, lifetime degradation of the battery is associated to the recurrent charging/discharging cycles. The proposed power management strategy addresses the trade-off between these contradictive objectives. Vehicle states in each situation are defined in terms of driver-related identification parameters (power demand and speed) corporately with powertrain related ones (on-board battery’s state of charge). Optimal power handling solution for each situation is searched offline considering different optimizations criteria: range extension, lifetime maximization, or power consumption minimization. A weighted fusion of these optimized solutions can be implemented online based on desired driving strategy, leading to situation-based optimized solution. This contribution aims to provide flexible power handling options meeting performance requirements (energy efficiency and driveability) without scarifying battery’s lifetime. Simulation tests using different driving cycles are conducted for evaluation purpose.

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Towards Optimal Power Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Real-Time: A Review on Methods, Challenges, and State-Of-The-Art Solutions

Cited by 102 publications

References 117 publications

The Effect of Fuel Cell and Battery Size on Efficiency and Cell Lifetime for an L7e Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle

The Effect of Fuel Cell and Battery Size on Efficiency and Cell Lifetime for an L7e Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle

Optimization of the parallel and mild hybrid vehicle platforms operating under conventional and advanced combustion modes

State-of-Health-Oriented Power Management Strategy for Multi-Source Electric Vehicles Considering Situation-Based Optimized Solutions in Real-Time

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