Towards nonlinear plasmonic devices based on metallic nanorods

Dickson, Wayne; Evans, Paul; Wurtz, Gregory A.; Hendren, William; Atkinson, R.; Pollard, Robert; Zayats, Anatoly V.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.01921.x

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[117,183,[210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220] The subsequent chemical etching of the template membrane gives an ordered array of gold nanorods with the long axis normal to the substrate. The width of the nanorods is controlled by the pore diameter of the membrane template.…”

Section: Template Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a somewhat related, but alternate approach to the generation of nonlinear properties using gold nanorods, Dickson et al [117] fabricated a photonic crystal comprising an array of substratebased vertically aligned nanorods embedded in a polymer (poly-3BCMU) well known for its nonlinear properties. The strong electric fields produced through the excitation of the gold plasmons were able to induce nonlinearities in the surrounding polymer matrix.…”

Section: à2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications

2009

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Noble metal nanoparticles are capable of confining resonant photons in such a manner as to induce coherent surface plasmon oscillation of their conduction band electrons, a phenomenon leading to two important properties. Firstly, the confinement of the photon to the nanoparticle's dimensions leads to a large increase in its electromagnetic field and consequently great enhancement of all the nanoparticle's radiative properties, such as absorption and scattering. Moreover, by confining the photon's wavelength to the nanoparticle's small dimensions, there exists enhanced imaging resolving powers, which extend well below the diffraction limit, a property of considerable importance in potential device applications. Secondly, the strongly absorbed light by the nanoparticles is followed by a rapid dephasing of the coherent electron motion in tandem with an equally rapid energy transfer to the lattice, a process integral to the technologically relevant photothermal properties of plasmonic nanoparticles. Of all the possible nanoparticle shapes, gold nanorods are especially intriguing as they offer strong plasmonic fields while exhibiting excellent tunability and biocompatibility. We begin this review of gold nanorods by summarizing their radiative and nonradiative properties. Their various synthetic methods are then outlined with an emphasis on the seed-mediated chemical growth. In particular, we describe nanorod spontaneous self-assembly, chemically driven assembly, and polymer-based alignment. The final section details current studies aimed at applications in the biological and biomedical fields.

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Section: Template Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: à2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications

2009

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“…In such metamaterials, the excitation of the hybrid structure at the wavelengths of the localised surface plasmon resonances of the nanoparticles leads to an increase in the effective nonlinear susceptibility of the composite material compared to either materials taken separately. Similarly, the coverage of metallic nanoparticle arrays, e.g., nanospheres or nanorod assemblies, with nonlinear material results in the enhancement of the nonlinear response of the dielectric while also lowering the light intensities required for nonlinear action [15,16]. The utilisation of the field enhancement effects associated with localised surface plasmons modes has also been shown to enable controlled photon tunneling through nanoscale pinholes in a metal film covered with nonlinear polymer [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nonlinear surface plasmon polaritonic crystals

Wurtz

Zayats²

2008

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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We present an overview of the optical properties of nonlinear surface plasmon polaritonic crystals and their applications to control light with light. Surface plasmon polaritonic crystals are periodically nanostructured metal surfaces or thin metal films that act as two-dimensional photonic crystals for surface polaritons. Hybritization of such nanostructures with dielectrics exhibiting an optical nonlinear response allows utilization of the electromagnetic field enhancement effects to observe nonlinear effects and bistable behaviour at low light intensities. By changing the geometry of the nanostructured film, the dispersion of the crystal is modified and, thus, electromagnetic mode structure and associated density of states can be controllably tuned in the desired spectral range. This provides enhanced flexibility in engineering the nonlinear optical response of plasmonic crystals in a chosen spectral range for both control and signal wavelengths.Schematics of the interaction of a control beam (green) and a signal beam (red) via surface plasmons on a gold film with nonlinear plasmonic crystal.

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“…In this metamaterials, the excitation of the hybrid structure at the wavelength of the localized surface plasmon resonances of the nanoparticles leads to an increase in the effective nonlinear susceptibility of the composite material compared to either materials taken separately. Similarly, the coverage of metallic nanoparticle arrays (e.g., nanospheres or nanorod assemblies) with nonlinear material results in the enhancement of the nonlinear response of the dielectric while also lowering the light intensities required for nonlinear action [97,98]. The utilization of field enhancement effects associated with localized surface plasmon modes has also been shown to enable controlled photon tunneling through nanoscale pinholes in a metal film covered with nonlinear polymer [99,100].…”

Section: Light-controlled Optical Transmission Through Nonlinear Surfmentioning

confidence: 96%