Towards More Sustainable Material Formulations: A Comparative Assessment of PA11-SGW Flexural Performance versus Oil-Based Composites

Oliver-Ortega, Helena; Méndez, José Alberto; Reixach, Rafel; Raso, Mònica Ardanuy; Mutjé, Pere

doi:10.3390/polym10040440

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…In the case of the coupled composites, their flexural strength showed a linear evolution against ONPF content that can be fitted to a regression line with a correlation coefficient ( r 2 ) of 0.96. This behavior has been reported as an indication of a good dispersion as well as a strong interphase [6,28,29]. The hypothesis of a good dispersion is supported by the linear evolution of the flexural moduli against ONPF contents, but needs more corroboration [10].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…This value has meaning when it is compared with others. Figure 8 shows the FFSF for different composites, recovered from the literature [6,8,11,22,30,35,36,37].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of fibers from wood or agroforestry as replacement of glass fiber has been explored as a way to formulate and produce greener materials [5,6,7]. Nonetheless, there are few studies devoted to the use of recovered newspaper as a source of reinforcing fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexural Properties and Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Old Newspaper Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

et al. 2019

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Newspapers have a limited lifespan, and therefore represent a focus of used and disposed paper. While these refuses have a considerable value and can be easily recycled, a considerable fraction ends in landfill. The authors show the possibility of adding value to used newspaper and enlarge its value chain. Old newspaper incorporates a high amount of wood fibers able to be used as reinforcement. On the other hand, this material also incorporates inks and other components inherent to newspaper production. In this work, the authors disintegrate old newspaper to recover and individualize wood fibers. A morphological analysis showed that the recovered fibers had aspect ratios higher than 10, revealing, a priori, their strengthening capabilities. Thereupon, these fibers were compounded with polypropylene at different contents, ranging from 20% to 50% w/w. It is well known that wood fibers are hydrophilic, while polyolefin are hydrophobic. This is a drawback to obtaining strong interfaces. Thus, two sets of composites were produced, with and without a coupling agent. The results showed that uncoupled composites increased the flexural strength of the matrix but reached an equilibrium point from which adding more reinforcement did not changer the flexural strength. On the other hand, the coupled composites showed a linear increase of the flexural strength against the reinforcement content. The flexural moduli of the coupled and uncoupled composites were very similar and evolved linearly with the reinforcement content.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…This value has meaning when it is compared with others. Figure 8 shows the FFSF for different composites, recovered from the literature [6,8,11,22,30,35,36,37].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexural Properties and Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Old Newspaper Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

et al. 2019

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“…Despite its relatively high costs, in the last decade, PA11 has gained a special industrial interest due to a good combination of mechanical properties and chemical resistance. In particular, PA11 exhibits good toughness compared to other bio-based thermoplastic resins, e.g., poly(lactic acid), which is often proposed as a matrix for bio-composites [11][12][13][14][15]. As far as the fibers are concerned, here we deal with a hybrid fabric made of basalt and flax interwoven fibers in 2/2 twill structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Polyamide 11 Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Basalt/Flax Interwoven Fibers: A Tough Green Composite for Semi-Structural Applications

Russo

Simeoli

Vitiello

et al. 2019

Fibers

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Intraply hybrid green composites were prepared by film stacking and hot-pressing of bio-based polyamide 11 (PA11) sheets and commercial hybrid fabrics made by interweaving flax and basalt fibers (2/2 twill structure). Two matrices were considered, one of them containing a plasticizing agent. After preliminary thermal and rheological characterizations of the neat matrices, the laminates were studied in terms of flexural properties at low and high deformation rates, and the results were interpreted in the light of morphological analyses (scanning electron and optical microscopy). Despite the poor interfacial adhesion detected for all investigated composite samples, the latter exhibited a good combination of flexural strength, modulus, and impact resistance. Such well-balanced mechanical properties make the studied samples potential candidates for semi-structural applications, e.g., in the transportation sector.

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“…Coupling agents have been successfully used with lignocellulosic fibers and with GF, the maleic acid- based ones being the most used [30,31,32]. Thus, if a material is made avoiding the use of such reagents, it will agree with the principles of green chemistry [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength and Coupling Factor of Natural Fiber Reinforcement in Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

et al. 2019

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This paper is focused on the flexural properties of bleached kraft softwood fibers, bio-based, biodegradable, and a globally available reinforcement commonly used in papermaking, of reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The matrix, polylactic acid, is also a bio-based and biodegradable polymer. Flexural properties of composites incorporating percentages of reinforcement ranging from 15 to 30 wt % were measured and discussed. Another objective was to evaluate the strength of the interface between the matrix and the reinforcements, using the rule of mixtures to determine the coupling factor. Nonetheless, this rule of mixtures presents two unknowns, the coupling factor and the intrinsic flexural strength of the reinforcement. Hence, applying a ratio between the tensile and flexural intrinsic strengths and a defined fiber tensile and flexural strength factors, derived from the rule of mixtures is proposed. The literature lacks a precise evaluation of the intrinsic tensile strength of the reinforcements. In order to obtain such intrinsic tensile strength, we used the Kelly and Tyson modified equation as well as the solution provided by Bowyer and Bader. Finally, we were able to characterize the intrinsic flexural strengths of the fibers when used as reinforcement of polylactic acid.

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Towards More Sustainable Material Formulations: A Comparative Assessment of PA11-SGW Flexural Performance versus Oil-Based Composites

Cited by 20 publications

References 72 publications

Flexural Properties and Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Old Newspaper Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

Flexural Properties and Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Old Newspaper Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

Bio-Polyamide 11 Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Basalt/Flax Interwoven Fibers: A Tough Green Composite for Semi-Structural Applications

Determination of Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength and Coupling Factor of Natural Fiber Reinforcement in Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

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