“…In the specific context of railway accident risk assessment, the semi-quantitative approach can be valuable. For instance, Lin et al (2022) [ 19 ] have utilized the semi-quantitative risk approach to explore the safety concerns in shared-use rail corridors, notably adjacent track accidents. In addition, Zhang et al (2022) [ 10 ] have employed the semi-quantitative risk method to assess the hazard in the context of rail mass transit.…”