“…Firstly, E. coli was prepared following the same protocol as previously reported. 48 Functionalized membranes were exposed to E. coli, and 100 µL aliquot of the E. coli suspension was pipetted onto an agar plate and then spread over the surface. The membranes (7 mm diameter disk) were placed onto the bacteria-agar surface with the silver-embedded side facing the agar and incubated for 24 h at 37 o C. An optical microscope, coupled with an Olympus DP70 Digital Microscope Camera, was used to image the petri dishes and quantify antimicrobial inhibition zones around functionalized membranes (at 20 and 50 times magnification).…”
Section: Membrane Performance Test Salt Rejection and Water Permeationmentioning
Thin-film composite membranes, primarily based on poly(amide) (PA) semipermeable materials, are nowadays the dominant technology used in pressure driven water desalination systems. Despite offering superior water permeation and salt selectivity, their surface properties, such as their charge and roughness, cannot be extensively tuned due to the intrinsic fabrication process of the membranes by interfacial polymerization. The alteration of these properties would lead to a better control of the materials surface zeta potential, which is critical to finely tune selectivity and enhance the membrane materials stability when exposed to complex industrial waste streams. Low pressure plasma was employed to introduce amine functionalities onto the PA surface of commercially available thin-film composite (TFC) membranes. Morphological changes after plasma polymerization were analyzed by SEM and AFM, and average surface roughness decreased by 29%. Amine enrichment provided isoelectric point changes from pH 3.7 to 5.2 for 5 to 15 min of plasma polymerization time. Synchrotron FTIR mappings of the amine-modified surface indicated the addition of a discrete 60 nm film to the PA layer. Furthermore, metal affinity was confirmed by the enhanced binding of silver to the modified surface, supported by an increased antimicrobial functionality with demonstrable elimination of E. coli growth. Essential salt rejection was shown minimally compromised for faster polymerization processes. Plasma polymerization is therefore a viable route to producing functional amine enriched thin-film composite PA membrane surfaces.
“…Firstly, E. coli was prepared following the same protocol as previously reported. 48 Functionalized membranes were exposed to E. coli, and 100 µL aliquot of the E. coli suspension was pipetted onto an agar plate and then spread over the surface. The membranes (7 mm diameter disk) were placed onto the bacteria-agar surface with the silver-embedded side facing the agar and incubated for 24 h at 37 o C. An optical microscope, coupled with an Olympus DP70 Digital Microscope Camera, was used to image the petri dishes and quantify antimicrobial inhibition zones around functionalized membranes (at 20 and 50 times magnification).…”
Section: Membrane Performance Test Salt Rejection and Water Permeationmentioning
Thin-film composite membranes, primarily based on poly(amide) (PA) semipermeable materials, are nowadays the dominant technology used in pressure driven water desalination systems. Despite offering superior water permeation and salt selectivity, their surface properties, such as their charge and roughness, cannot be extensively tuned due to the intrinsic fabrication process of the membranes by interfacial polymerization. The alteration of these properties would lead to a better control of the materials surface zeta potential, which is critical to finely tune selectivity and enhance the membrane materials stability when exposed to complex industrial waste streams. Low pressure plasma was employed to introduce amine functionalities onto the PA surface of commercially available thin-film composite (TFC) membranes. Morphological changes after plasma polymerization were analyzed by SEM and AFM, and average surface roughness decreased by 29%. Amine enrichment provided isoelectric point changes from pH 3.7 to 5.2 for 5 to 15 min of plasma polymerization time. Synchrotron FTIR mappings of the amine-modified surface indicated the addition of a discrete 60 nm film to the PA layer. Furthermore, metal affinity was confirmed by the enhanced binding of silver to the modified surface, supported by an increased antimicrobial functionality with demonstrable elimination of E. coli growth. Essential salt rejection was shown minimally compromised for faster polymerization processes. Plasma polymerization is therefore a viable route to producing functional amine enriched thin-film composite PA membrane surfaces.
“…To alleviate requires harsh and complex cleaning procedures associated with high energy input, which ultimately reduces their lifespan [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Extensive studies on membrane modification have focused on overcoming membrane fouling problems or the development of new membrane materials with high fouling resistance [ 2 , 6 ]. Another focus of membrane modifications was to enhance the permeance of membranes without compromising its selectivity [ 1 , 7 ].…”
Although commercial membranes are well established materials for water desalination and wastewater treatment, modification on commercial membranes is still necessary to deliver high-performance with enhanced flux and/or selectivity and fouling resistance. A modification method with plasma techniques has been extensively applied for high-performance membrane production. The paper presents a mechanistic review on the impact of plasma gas and polymerization, at either low pressure or atmospheric pressure on the material properties and performance of the modified membranes. At first, plasma conditions at low-pressure such as plasma power, gas or monomer flow rate, reactor pressure, and treatment duration which affect the chemical structure, surface hydrophilicity, morphology, as well as performance of the membranes have been discussed. The underlying mechanisms of plasma gas and polymerization have been highlighted. Thereafter, the recent research in plasma techniques toward membrane modification at atmospheric environment has been critically evaluated. The research focuses of future plasma-related membrane modification, and fabrication studies have been predicted to closely relate with the implementation of the atmospheric-pressure processes at the large-scale.
“…In the previously reported inorganic materials, AgNPs not only have the character of nanoparticles, such as high efficiency and versatile catalytic reactors for environmental remediation but also gained increasing attention in antimicrobial [25][26][27]. Due to superb antimicrobial properties of AgNPs, they have become a promising solution of antifouling membranes via blending, dip-coating, anchoring on the membrane surface by cold spray, and gra ing with polymerization matrix [28,29]. e location of AgNPs can decide the diffusivity or release of ionic silver (Ag + ) into membrane matrix, so the location of AgNPs into membrane matrix of the silver nanocomposite with blending method is crucial to obtain antifouling membranes [30].…”
In this work, Ag nanoparticle loading Mg(C10H16O4)2(H2O)2(Ag@MOF) composite material was successfully prepared by a facile strategy, and subsequently Ag-MOFs were used to modify the PVDF ultrafiltration membranes to obtain fouling resistance and higher water flux. The as-prepared PVDF membranes were systematically characterized by a series of analytical techniques such as Water Contact Angle (CA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and SEM-mapping. Furthermore, the performance of membranes on antibacterial properties, the pure water flux, and fouling resistance was investigated in detail. Those results showed that the membrane modified by Ag@MOFs containing 30% Ag had the higher anti-bacterial performance, and the clear zone could be increased to 10 mm in comparison with that of blank membrane. Meanwhile, the pure water flux of Ag@MOF membranes increased from 85 L/m2 h to 157 L/m2 h, and the maximum membrane flux recovery rate (FRR) of 95.7% was obtained using SA as pollutant, which is attributed to the introduction of Ag@MOF composite material. Based on the above experimental results, it can be found that the Ag-MOF membranes displayed the excellent antibacterial activity, high water flux, and fine fouling resistance. This work provides a facile strategy to fabricate the Ag@MOFs modified membranes, and it shows an excellent anti-bacterial and water flux performance.
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