Towards fast sensing along ultralong BOTDA: flatness enhancement by utilizing injection-locked dual-bandwidth probe wave

Abstract

Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) using distributed Brillouin amplification (DBA) only requires a milliwatt-level pump to achieve a sensing range beyond 100 km, which provides a powerful tool for temperature/strain sensing. However, similar to the majority of other long-range BOTDAs, the state-of-the-art reports require > 1000 times average, severely restricting the sensing speed. The blind area over tens of kilometers caused by the nonuniform Brillouin response and parasitic amplitude modulation (AM) are crucial factors affecting the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here, a comprehensive performance optimization and substantial enhancement for BOTDA sensors was presented by the direct demodulation of an injection-locked dual-bandwidth probe wave. Injection locking (IL) can completely eliminate the impact of AM noise; dual-bandwidth probe enables self-adaptive pulse loss compensation, thereby intensifying the SNR flatness along the ultralong fiber, and direct probe demodulation can overcome nonlocal effects and allows ∼19.7 dB enhancement of probe input power. Therefore, using only 100 times average, ∼148.3 km sensing, and ∼5 m spatial resolution were achieved with < ∼0.8 MHz standard deviation of Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) over a broad range (∼131.7 km). The reduction in averages was more than 10 times that of the reported majority of long-range BOTDAs. Such performances were achieved without using time-consuming or post-processing techniques, such as optical pulse coding and image denoising. Because this approach is compatible with optical chirp chain technique without frequency sweeping, fast acquisition (0.3 s) was also realized, which has the potential for fast sensing at 3.3 Hz along a ∼150 km fiber.

A Refinement of Backward Correlation Technique for Precise Brillouin Frequency Shift Extraction

“…Thus, some attention deserves image processing methods, which have recently been increasingly applied to data obtained from distributed fiber optic sensors [29][30][31][32][33]. Distributed sensors based on the principles of Brillouin reflectometry and Brillouin analysis in the time domain are no exception [34][35][36][37]. It is easy to see that the initial data array obtained using such devices is a surface, that is, a three-dimensional graph, where the axes represent the distance, frequency, and signal intensity.…”

Submetric Spatial Resolution ROTDR Temperature Sensor Assisted by Wiener Deconvolution

“…Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) has received wide research attention and has been applied in temperature sensing [1][2][3], strain sensing [4][5][6], and gas detection [7,8]. Based on the types of backscattered light, DOFS can be divided into Rayleigh optical fiber sensing [9,10], Brillouin optical fiber sensing [11][12][13], and Raman optical fiber sensing [14][15][16]. Compared to the other two techniques, Raman optical fiber sensing is only sensitive to the ambient temperature of the sensing fiber and is able to avoid crosstalk from fiber strains or vibrations.…”