Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments

Abstract

The densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work, a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure assessment from an empirical and modeling approach for a large, complex indoor setting with high node density and traffic is presented. For that purpose, an intensive and comprehensive in-depth RF-EMF E-field characterization study is provided in a public library study case, considering dense personal mobile communications (5G FR2 @28 GHz) and wireless 802.11ay (@60 GHz) data access services on the mmWave frequency range. By means of an enhanced in-house deterministic 3D ray launching (3D-RL) simulation tool for RF-EMF exposure assessment, different complex heterogenous scenarios of high complexity are assessed in realistic operation conditions, considering different user distributions and densities. The use of directive antennas and MIMO beamforming techniques, as well as all the corresponding features in terms of radio wave propagation, such as the body shielding effect, dispersive material properties of obstacles, the impact of the distribution of scatterers and the associated electromagnetic propagation phenomena, are considered for simulation. Discussion regarding the contribution and impact of the coexistence of multiple heterogeneous networks and services is presented, verifying compliance with the current established international regulation limits with exposure levels far below the aforementioned limits. Finally, the proposed simulation technique is validated with a complete empirical campaign of measurements, showing good agreement. In consequence, the obtained datasets and simulation estimations, along with the proposed RF-EMF simulation tool, could be a reference approach for the design, deployment and exposure assessment of the current and future wireless communication technologies on the mmWave spectrum, where massive high-node density heterogeneous networks are expected.

Electromagnetic Assessment of UHF-RFID Devices in Healthcare Environment

“…Additional measurements were performed in Madrid, where the assessment was made in an anechoic chamber, with the aim being to examine the worst-case scenario. An ad-hoc numerical simulation study was performed by means of: (1) Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values from exposure near MO-RFID readers, (2) distribution of exposure from AG-RFID reader by means of an in-house 3D-RL algorithm, and (3) 2D contour maps representation [25,26].…”

Uplink Throughput Analysis of an IRS-Assisted 6G Wireless Network

“…Furthermore, the blockchain is utilized to manage and distribute spectrum resources, potentially eliminating the need for a central authority since blockchains are unalterable, untampered distributed databases [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. In spite of spectral efficiency, improving energy consumption effectiveness is also important [53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. As a result, simultaneous wireless intelligence and power transmission (SWIPT) technology is used to extend the life of the battery while reducing power usage [60][61][62][63][64][65][66].…”

Analysis of the Uplink SINR of an IRS-Aided 6G Network

“…A 5G network would be unable to provide a genuinely immersive experience in order to provide a fully integrated along with intelligent network [1][2][3][4]. Although 5G wireless networks are greatly improved over current systems, they are going to be insufficient to fulfill the demands of future intelligent, developing, and automated systems within 10 years [5][6][7][8].…”