Towards Energy Efficient LPWANs through Learning-based Multi-hop Routing

Barrachina‐Muñoz, Sergio; Adame, Toni; Bel, Albert; Bellalta, Boris

doi:10.1109/wf-iot.2019.8767193

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Receive windows of nodes: Not specify. Payload: Not specify Barrachina et al [26] presented a simple Reinforce Learning approach based on epsilon-greedy to enable high reliability and low power consumption in LPWAN networks. In the proposed approach, nodes closer to the gateway act as relay nodes.…”

Section: Time Synchronizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In leakage detection scenarios, nodes are deployed underground inside the pipelines. In such conditions, the only way to power them is the use of non-replaceable and non-rechargeable batteries [15] CCT-based P 99% Flooding Lee and Ke [16] CCT-based P 99.9% Tree Zhu et al [17] CCT-based P 85% Tree Paul [18] CCT-based Simulation(S) NS Tree Duong and Kim [20] CCT-based P 80% Flooding Farooq [22] CCT-based P NS Tree Liao et al [23] CCT-based P NS Flooding Mai and Kim [24] CCT-based P 90% Flooding Barrachina et al [26] CCT-based P 95% Tree Sartori et al [27] IPV6-based P 96% Tree Haubro et al [28] IPV6-based P 90% Tree Dias and Grilo [29] ad-hoc-based P 98% Flooding Abrardo and Pozzebon [30] ad-hoc-based P 95% Tree Ludell et al [31] ad-hoc-based Proof-ofconcept NS Flooding Anedda et al [32] ad-hoc-based S NS Tree Kim et al [33] ad-hoc-based Theorical analysis 90% Flooding Dwijaksara et al [34] ad-hoc-based S NS Flooding Lopez et al [25] ad-hoc-based S 86% Tree [8]. Therefore, SWG can not deal with most of routing protocols reviewed previously as sensor data nodes are involved in the routing process.…”

Section: Lorawan Multi-hop Sdn-based Solution For Smart Water Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Lalle¹,

Fourati

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are becoming the most suitable communication technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their low power consumption, long communication range and low cost. Currently, Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most popular LPWANs. Because it offers the possibility to build private networks with an open standard, LoRaWAN is the most deployed LPWAN solution. However, LoRaWAN supports only one-hop communication, that is, the end-devices are connected directly to the gateways. Since LoRa links can be kilometers long, its signals may undergo interference with other radio signals or encounter obstacles such as buildings, trees. In urban areas, to ensure that indoor LoRa devices can successfully transfer data back to remote gateways (GWs), a dense deployment of GWs is required. Unfortunately, the deployment of many GWs increases the network cost. Multi-hop communication can be exploited to increase LoRaWAN network coverage and packet delivery ratio (PDR) without deploying additional GWs. Therefore, in order to improve LoRaWAN performance, different routing approaches have been recently proposed aiming to create LoRaWAN multi-hop networks where some devices can play the role of relay nodes. However, in some use cases like Smart Water Grid (SWG), where nodes are buried underground inside the pipelines, the use of some SWG devices as relay nodes is not efficient in terms of energy consumption. In this paper, we first provide an in-depth survey on different routing protocols proposed for LoRaWAN multi-hop networks followed by a useful comparison between these approaches. Then, to enable efficient peer-2-peer (P2P) communication between end-devices in SWG, we propose a routing protocol based on Software Defined Networking (SDN) where some specific nodes called Relay Nodes (RNs) relay data from leakages detection nodes. In the case where a sensor detects a leak, a signal is sent to shut off the water valve automatically through our routing approach. Through simulations under LoRaSim, our proposed solution outperforms the standard single-hop network in terms of energy consumption and packet error rate. A range of issues, problems are provided and some research directions are suggested.

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Section: Time Synchronizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lorawan Multi-hop Sdn-based Solution For Smart Water Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Lalle¹,

Fourati

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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show abstract

“…The energy usage of the network consequently rises as its dependability falls. Although the LoRaWAN specification only stipulates a single-hop between end devices and the gateway [13], [14], [15], various studies have proposed multi-hop solutions for network extension or improvements [2], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], where some devices operate as relays, routers, or intermediate gateways. Most commonly, multi-hop communication is employed to increase battery life and network longevity by optimizing the wireless network energy consumption and increasing the coverage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other research work has proposed multi-hop routing to address scalability, capacity, and reliability issues in LoRaWAN networks [31], [32]. The majority of recent research on multihop LoRaWAN has dealt with either real-life deployments of such networks or network models that include relay nodes or router nodes [2], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30]. In this article, we present a model to compare and contrast single-hop and multi-hop networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Multi-Hop LoRaWAN

et al. 2023

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Although LoRa (radio) technology offers customization of different physical layer transmission parameters such as bandwidth, spreading factor (SF), transmission power, and coding rate to obtain the desired data rate and coverage, the currently preferred single-hop transmission mode cannot simultaneously achieve both. The LoRaWAN community is therefore focusing on multi-hop networks to increase network longevity while extending coverage. In this paper, a detailed mathematical model for a multi-hop network that modifies the Distance Ring Exponential Stations Generator (DRESG) framework is presented. The relay operation is carried out through intermediate gateways, and a distance-based adaptive transmission configuration approach is used. On the basis of the performance metrics, i.e., packet delivery ratio (PDR) and energy usage of end nodes, we compare and contrast the performance characteristics of several routing schemes, including single-hop (SH), next-ring-hop (NRH), and variable-hop (VH) routing. The research covers some core issues, including interference, environmental conditions, and transceiver power constraints, and sets the stage for evaluating various multi-hop LoRa solutions as well as optimizing several implementation factors.

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“…Each end-device facing different interference, and some of them could transmit packet directly to the gateway using the best data rate. Although a packet duplication caused by unnecessary forwarding can increase reliability [ 6 , 7 ], it also reduces the availability of network resources that prevent transmission from the end-devices. For a massive IoT, this unnecessary forwarding can be a severe problem that decreases the overall reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunistic and On-Demand Network Coding-Based Solutions for LPWAN Forwarding

Tanjung

Byeon

Huh

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The single-hop star-of-stars topology in low-power and wide-area networks (LPWAN) exhibits reliability and substandard coverage issues, especially in urban areas where line-of-sight (LoS) communication is difficult to achieve. Moreover, LPWAN trade-off the data rate to achieve longer coverage, preventing other end-devices from using the time resource. Locating other gateways is uneconomical as it requires infrastructure, such as the internet and a power connection. In this study, we propose a forwarding scheme with a relay to increase LPWAN coverage and reliability while not degrading the network’s capacity. A relay tends to incur unnecessary forwarding that degrades the network capacity unless proper countermeasure is prepared. Our works, namely opportunistic and on-demand network coding (OODC), minimize unnecessary forwarding and make good use of multiple-receiving relays. Network coding is also applied in the relay for better transmission efficiency and reliability simultaneously. Because network coding occurs header overhead, we perform a header compression technique to counter it. According to our simulation result, our method shows better reliability than fixed path forwarding. In an adaptive data rate settings, the OODC achieves a 92% packet delivery ratio (PDR), whereas a fixed-path forwarding only achieves an 84% PDR.

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Towards Energy Efficient LPWANs through Learning-based Multi-hop Routing

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Performance Evaluation of Multi-Hop LoRaWAN

Opportunistic and On-Demand Network Coding-Based Solutions for LPWAN Forwarding

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