Towards Circular Economy by the Valorization of Different Waste Subproducts through Their Incorporation in Composite Materials: Ground Tire Rubber and Chicken Feathers

Colom, X.; Cañavate, Javier; Carrillo-Navarrete, Fernando

doi:10.3390/polym14061090

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This powder is subsequently used as raw material or additive in other products of interest for diverse applications. In particular, the elastomeric properties of GTR make it an interesting filler agent to improve the mechanical properties of a wide range of materials including thermoplastics, thermosets, virgin or composite rubbers, concrete, bitumen or asphalt [1][2][3][5][6][7][8][9]. For example, the introduction of GTR fillers in polystyrene (PS), which is investigated in this work, can produce a composite material with improved stress cracking resistance and impact strength, with respect to the brittle pure PS matrix, and with reduced material costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study on the Styrene–GTR Radical Graft Polymerization: Combination of an Experimental Approach, on Different Scales, with Machine Learning Modeling

et al. 2023

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The study of the styrene–Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) graft radical polymerization is particularly challenging due to the complexity of the underlying kinetic mechanisms and nature of GTR. In this work, an experimental study on two scales (∼10 mL and ∼100 mL) and a machine learning (ML) modeling approach are combined to establish a quantitative relationship between operating conditions and styrene conversion. The two-scale experimental approach enables to verify the impact of upscaling on thermal and mixing effects that are particularly important in this heterogeneous system, as also evidenced in previous works. The adopted experimental setups are designed in view of multiple data production, while paying specific attention in data reliability by eliminating the uncertainty related to sampling for analyses. At the same time, all the potential sources of uncertainty, such as the mass loss along the different steps of the process and the precision of the experimental equipment, are also carefully identified and monitored. The experimental results on both scales validate previously observed effects of GTR, benzoyl peroxide initiator and temperature on styrene conversion but, at the same time, reveal the need of an efficient design of the experimental procedure in terms of mixing and of monitoring uncertainties. Subsequently, the most reliable experimental data (i.e., 69 data from the 10 mL system) are used for the screening of a series of diverse supervised-learning regression ML models and the optimization of the hyperparameters of the best-performing ones. These are gradient boosting, multilayer perceptrons and random forest with, respectively, a test R2 of 0.91 ± 0.04, 0.90 ± 0.04 and 0.89 ± 0.05. Finally, the effect of additional parameters, such as the scaling method, the number of folds and the random partitioning of data in the train/test splits, as well as the integration of the experimental uncertainties in the learning procedure, are exploited as means to improve the performance of the developed models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study on the Styrene–GTR Radical Graft Polymerization: Combination of an Experimental Approach, on Different Scales, with Machine Learning Modeling

et al. 2023

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“…Other approaches include the use of GTR in polymer blends. These mixtures are prepared with thermoplastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) [ 3 ], and polylactic acid (PLA) [ 4 ]. This approach allows for better-quality blends when devulcanization occurs [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemical Treatment in High-Shear Thermokinetic Mixer as an Alternative for Tire Recycling

2022

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This publication highlights the use of a high-speed thermokinetic mixer as an alternative to recycling ground tire rubber (GTR) using mechanochemical treatment. The GTR initially had a gelled fraction of 80% and presented a reduction of up to 50% of gel fraction in the most intensive condition (5145 rpm, n2). The processing condition at the lowest speed (2564 rpm, n1) resulted in greater selectivity in chain scission (K~1). However, in the most intense processing condition (10 min to n2), more significant degradation was observed via random scission, reduction in the glass transition temperature, Tg (11 °C), increase in the soluble polymeric fraction, and a more significant reduction in the density of bonds occurs. The artificial neural network could describe and correlate the thermal degradation profile with the processing conditions and the physicochemical characteristics of the GTR. The n2 velocity resulted in the formation of particles with a smoother and more continuous surface, which is related to the increase in the amount of soluble phase. The approach presented here represents an alternative to the mechanochemical treatment since it can reduce the crosslink density with selectivity and in short times (1–3 min).

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Optimization and improving of the production capacity of a flexible tyre painting cell

Santos,

Pereira,

Felgueiras

2024

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Optimization of industrial processes is a constant concern and a main task for many companies in several industry sectors. Based on optimized solutions, the company can decrease manufacturing costs, lead times or, more generally, increase benefit. However, when developing a new process, you must be sure that the new solution will add more value to the initial solution. This, among many others, is one of the main reasons why companies opt, in addition to experimentation, for the use of tools that allow for the virtual prototyping, simulation, and integration of complex and sophisticated processes. Experimentation requires approximation testing, searching for the ideal values of quantity, temperature, etc.; simulation provides industrial processes with test support ranging from flows to robotic systems such as the intelligent software. This simulation software allows to develop programs, add Computer Aided Design (CAD) layouts, and simulate the cycle times of the different tasks to be performed. In this paper, an experimental approach is presented with atomization and fan spray pressure as the study basis and a simulation of the robot-based handling solution used in a tyre production line. The result is an improvement of the painting process, optimisation of the amount of fluid deposited on the tyre, of the processed product, as well as of the running times of the robot.

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Towards Circular Economy by the Valorization of Different Waste Subproducts through Their Incorporation in Composite Materials: Ground Tire Rubber and Chicken Feathers

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

A Comprehensive Study on the Styrene–GTR Radical Graft Polymerization: Combination of an Experimental Approach, on Different Scales, with Machine Learning Modeling

A Comprehensive Study on the Styrene–GTR Radical Graft Polymerization: Combination of an Experimental Approach, on Different Scales, with Machine Learning Modeling

Mechanochemical Treatment in High-Shear Thermokinetic Mixer as an Alternative for Tire Recycling

Optimization and improving of the production capacity of a flexible tyre painting cell

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