Towards Blockchain Tactics: Building Hybrid Decentralized Software Architectures

Wessling, Florian; Ehmke, Christopher; Meyer, Ole; Gruhn, Volker

doi:10.1109/icsa-c.2019.00048

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…There are different degrees of decentralization for systems using blockchain technology, and it is not necessary (and, in most cases, not useful) to store everything on the blockchain or have all processes executed as smart contracts. Therefore, a good balance between centralized and decentralized components has to be found when developing smart contracts and the resulting "hybrid" blockchain applications [33][34][35]. To find this balance, an application can be split into on-chain and off-chain components for storage and computational aspects [36].…”

Section: Blockchain and Smart Contractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Payment and Contract Management in the Construction Industry by Integrating Building Information Modeling and Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts

Sigalov

König

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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Construction projects usually involve signing various contracts with specific billing procedures. In practice, dealing with complex contract structures causes significant problems, especially with regard to timely payment and guaranteed cash flow. Furthermore, a lack of transparency leads to a loss of trust. As a result, late or non-payment is a common problem in the construction industry. This paper presents the concept of implementing smart contracts for automated, transparent, and traceable payment processing for construction projects. Automated billing is achieved by combining Building Information Modeling (BIM) approaches with blockchain-based smart contracts. Thereby, parts of traditional construction contracts are transferred to a smart contract. The smart contract is set up using digital BIM-based tender documents and contains all of the relevant data for financial transactions. Once the contracted construction work has been accepted by the client, payments can be made automatically via authorized financial institutions. This paper describes the framework, referred to as BIMcontracts, the container-based data exchange, and the digital contract management workflow. It discusses the industry-specific requirements for blockchain and data storage and explains which technical and software architectural decisions were made. A case study is used to demonstrate the current implementation of the concept.

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Section: Blockchain and Smart Contractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Payment and Contract Management in the Construction Industry by Integrating Building Information Modeling and Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts

Sigalov

König

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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“…2.1.1 On-chain and off-chain layers. The two-layer architecture of DApps is to balance security, maintainability, performance, and costs [56]. Blockchain (e.g., Ethereum [17]), as a decentralized ledger, offers a highly secure data store with programmable smart contracts in the on-chain layer.…”

Section: Background 21 Two-layer Architecture Of Dappsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, DApps, as a kind of blockchain-oriented software, started to attract attention from software engineering researchers. Wessling et al [55,56] discussed the design choices of the architecture of a software that involves blockchain, showing the benefits and drawbacks of DApps. Wu et al [57,58] conducted empirical studies on Ethereumbased DApps to show the popularity, growth, development practice, cost, and the open-source status quo.…”

Section: Dapp Development and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ÐArcher: detecting on-chain-off-chain synchronization bugs in decentralized applications

Zhang

Wei

Liu

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Softw

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Since the emergence of Ethereum, blockchain-based decentralized applications (DApps) have become increasingly popular and important. To balance the security, performance, and costs, a DApp typically consists of two layers: an on-chain layer to execute transactions and store crucial data on the blockchain and an off-chain layer to interact with users. A DApp needs to synchronize its offchain layer with the on-chain layer proactively. Otherwise, the inconsistent data in the off-chain layer could mislead users and cause undesirable consequences, e.g., loss of transaction fees. However, transactions sent to the blockchain are not guaranteed to be executed and could even be reversed after execution due to chain reorganization. Such non-determinism in the transaction execution is unique to blockchain. DApp developers may fail to perform the on-chain-off-chain synchronization accurately due to their lack of familiarity with the complex transaction lifecycle.In this work, we investigate the challenges of synchronizing on-chain and off-chain data in Ethereum-based DApps. We present two types of bugs that could result in inconsistencies between the on-chain and off-chain layers. To help detect such on-chainoff-chain synchronization bugs, we introduce a state transition model to guide the testing of DApps and propose two effective oracles to facilitate the automatic identification of bugs. We build the first testing framework, ÐArcher, to detect on-chain-off-chain synchronization bugs in DApps. We have evaluated ÐArcher on

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“…Without the participation of the third party, all nodes need to be united, and all parties have clear rights and responsibilities to maintain the normal operation of the blockchain. It can better maintain the stability and security of the entire blockchain system [85].  Trust-free: Trust-free is to remove the third-party trust [84], which is manifested in two aspects: one is to trust the authenticity of the historical behavior of the data on the chain; the other is to trust the future behavior constrained by rules and mechanisms.…”

Section: A Blockchain Advantagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focus on Blockchain: A Comprehensive Survey on Academic and Application

et al. 2020

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As a decentralized distributed ledger, blockchain has developed rapidly since its birth and has been highly valued by governments, academia, and industry. Start in the financial field, blockchain technology has been rapidly applied to various fields such as the Internet of Things, supply chain, and healthcare. Blockchain technology has made sufficient development and innovation, but it also faces many challenges, such as security, scalability, and waste of resources. This paper starts with the development history of blockchain and combines the characteristics and technical principles of it to analyze the current academic research status and application scenarios. Meanwhile, this paper analyzes the existing outstanding blockchain projects and elaborates on their key advantages and current challenges. With discussing the ongoing development trend of blockchain, the development direction, and the research trend of blockchain in the future, this paper provides a useful reference for related research.

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Towards Blockchain Tactics: Building Hybrid Decentralized Software Architectures

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Automated Payment and Contract Management in the Construction Industry by Integrating Building Information Modeling and Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts

Automated Payment and Contract Management in the Construction Industry by Integrating Building Information Modeling and Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts

ÐArcher: detecting on-chain-off-chain synchronization bugs in decentralized applications

Focus on Blockchain: A Comprehensive Survey on Academic and Application

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