Towards blockchain-based urban planning

Waste management: A comprehensive state of the art about the rise of blockchain technology

“…Preethi and Radhakrishan (2019) in their work identified some major challenges to be addressed in the waste management cycle including Lack of Technology in tracking waste flow, Lack of Accountability, Lack of awareness and enforcement. Likewise, Laouar et al (2019) identified seven big problems to manage the waste, among them Cheating and manipulation, Loss and wrong of information, Lack of control. Generally, each of the phases concerning waste management is currently managed by different companies.…”

“…Several papers focus on defining the actors of the blockchain-based system, their roles, and the use of strategies to involve citizens (Scott et al, 2021;Dua et al, 2020;Pelonero et al, 2020;Koscina et al, 2019;Utomo et al, 2020). The proposed architectures include multiple subsystems to ensure efficient and cost-saving use of the blockchain and proper utilization of computational and storage resources (Laouar et al, 2019;França et al, 2020). They are designed according to the principle of on-chain or off-chain (Liu et al, 2020), which entails identifying which system components will be implemented within the blockchain and which will be implemented outside of it.…”

“…Furthermore, these type of data can lead to uniquely identify the owner of a product by contrasting the illegal disposal (Lawrenz et al, 2020). The blockchain, allows government or local authorities to monitor the sector by including contrast actions of the black market (Sahoo and Halder, 2020) and environmental crimes (Ongena et al, 2018;França et al, 2020;Schmelz et al, 2019;Laouar et al, 2019). For example, industrial wastewater or hazardous materials in e-waste such as lead, mercury, arsenic, or cadmium, if not correctly identified, separated, and disposed of, can cause severe problems for the environment and health (Hakak et al, 2020).…”

“…Indeed, most of the time, data sharing is missing, and their synchronization is made difficult due to different collection systems and adopted policies by the various actors along the chain. Furthermore, the synchronization of information, if any, can often take place with considerable delay (Preethi and Radhakrishan, 2019;Laouar et al, 2019). Due to the lack of waste traceability technologies, in most cases, the information is collected manually by the operators, for example, on paper notes, and then digitized in centralized systems.…”

Waste Management System Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Minimize Penalties Avoidance and Redemption Abuse

“…The researchers used the principal component analysis algorithm (PCA) to eliminate the irrelevant aspects and qualities of the fraud domain. Paper [11], introduces a blockchain-based approach to ensure transparency in waste data reporting. Also, a cloud-based smart waste management mechanism is proposed by [12], in which the waste bins are equipped with sensors, capable of notifying their waste level status and uploading the status to the cloud.…”