Towards an understanding of<i>Salmonella enterica</i>serovar Typhimurium persistence in swine

Patterson, Sheila K.; Kim, Hyeun Bum; Borewicz, Klaudyna; Isaacson, Richard E.

doi:10.1017/s1466252316000165

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…carrier animals in finishing farms when compared to the previous production Pathogens 2019, 8, 204 3 of 10 steps. Stress conditions (observed during transport and before slaughter) may contribute to the major discharge of the pathogen at the slaughterhouse [8,23]. The presence of Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil

et al. 2019

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Control of Salmonella spp. in food production chains is very important to ensure safe foods and minimize the risks of foodborne disease occurrence. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and main contamination sources of Salmonella spp. in a pig production chain in southern Brazil. Six lots of piglets produced at different farms were tracked until their slaughter, and samples were subjected to Salmonella spp. detection. The obtained isolates were serotyped, subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella spp. was detected in 160 (10.2%) samples, and not detected in pig carcasses after final washing or chilling. Among the 210 Salmonella spp. isolates, S. Typhimurium was the most prevalent (n = 101) and resistant to at least one antimicrobial. High resistance rates were detected against tetracycline (83.8%), chloramphenicol (54.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.3%). The isolates that were non-susceptible to three or more classes of antimicrobials (n = 60) were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR), and isolates resistant to up to six of the tested antimicrobials were found. PFGE allowed the identification of genetic diversity and demonstrated that farm environment and feed supply may be sources for the dissemination of Salmonella spp. along the production chain. The results revealed the sources of Salmonella contamination in the pig production chain and highlighted the risks of antimicrobial resistance spread.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil

et al. 2019

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“…However, periods of stress (feed withdrawal, transportation, etc.) can result in pathogen recrudescence with increased Salmonella shedding, including pigs where pathogen shedding was previously undetectable (22,23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlortetracycline Enhances Tonsil Colonization and Fecal Shedding of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 without Major Alterations to the Porcine Tonsillar and Intestinal Microbiota

Holman

Bearson

Allen

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Salmonella spp. are estimated to cause 1.2 million cases of human foodborne illness each year in the United States, and pigs can often be asymptomatically colonized with Salmonella spp. (>50% of farms). Recent reports state that 18.3% of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates are resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are associated with an increased hospitalization rate and other complications. Chlortetracycline is commonly used in swine production to prevent/treat various diseases; therefore, chlortetracycline treatment of pigs unknowingly colonized with MDR Salmonella may have collateral effects on Salmonella spp. (and other gut bacteria). In this study, we determined the effect of in-feed chlortetracycline (400 g/ton) on shedding and colonization of pigs challenged with the MDR S. Typhimurium strain DT104 (n = 11/group). We also assessed the impact on the fecal microbiota over the 12-day experimental period and on the ileum, cecum, and tonsil microbiota at 7 days postinoculation (dpi). In MDR S. Typhimurium-inoculated pigs, chlortetracycline administration significantly increased fecal shedding at 2 dpi (+1.4 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.001) and enhanced tonsil colonization (+3.1 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.001). There were few major alterations detected in the gut or tonsillar microbiota of pigs treated with MDR S. Typhimurium and/or chlortetracycline. The tonsillar transcriptome was largely unaffected despite increased colonization by MDR S. Typhimurium following inoculation of the chlortetracycline-treated pigs. These results highlight the idea that chlortetracycline administration can enhance shedding and colonization of MDR S. Typhimurium in pigs, which could increase the risk of environmental dissemination of MDR Salmonella strains. IMPORTANCE Salmonella spp. are an important cause of foodborne illness in North America, and pork products are associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Isolates of Salmonella may be resistant to multiple antibiotics, and infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. are more difficult to treat, leading to increased hospitalization rates. Swine operations commonly use antimicrobials, such as chlortetracycline, to prevent/treat infections, which may have collateral effects on pig microbial populations. Recently, we demonstrated that chlortetracycline induces the expression of genes associated with pathogenesis and invasion in MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro. In our current study, we show increased tonsillar colonization and fecal shedding of the MDR S. Typhimurium strain DT104 from pigs administered chlortetracycline. Therefore, pigs unknowingly colonized with multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. and receiving chlortetracycline for an unrelated infection may be at a greater risk for disseminating MDR Salmonella spp. to other pigs and to humans through environmental or pork product contamination.

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“…However, pathogenic microorganisms in manure and digestate can pose sanitary risks through land‐spreading, such as the transmission of pathogens to vegetables. Pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni , Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes are known to be responsible for major food‐borne zoonotic diseases (EFSA, ) and to be excreted by farm animals that constitute a reservoir (Avrain, Humbert, Sanders, Vernozy‐Rozand, & Kempf, ; Boscher, Houard, & Denis, ; Kempf et al, ; Milnes et al, ; Patterson, Kim, Borewicz, & Isaacson, ; Tadesse et al, ; Thépault et al, ). Moreover, these pathogens can persist in manure, soil and water (Cevallos‐Cevallos, Gu, Richardson, Hu, & Bruggen, ; Erickson, Smith, Jiang, Flitcroft, & Doyle, ; Jäderlund, Sessitsch, & Arthurson, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the occurrence of sporulating and nonsporulating pathogenic bacteria in manure and in digestate of five agricultural biogas plants

et al. 2019

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The number of agricultural biogas plants has been increasing in the past decades in some European countries. Digestates obtained after anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure are usually spread on agricultural land; however, their hygiene status regarding pathogens posing public health and/or animal health challenges has been poorly characterized up to now in France. In this study, three replicates of manure and digestate were collected from five farm biogas plants receiving animal manure in order to assess the occurrence and concentrations of sporulating (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens) and nonsporulating (Listeria monocytogenes, thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., Salmonella, Escherichia coli, enterococci) bacteria. Concentrations of E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens in digestates ranged from 102 to 104, 104 to 105, and <103 to 7 × 105 CFU/g, respectively. Salmonella and C. difficile were detected in manure and digestate from the five biogas plants at concentrations ranging from <1.3 to >7 × 102 MPN/g and from 1.3 to 3 × 102 MPN/g, respectively. Thermotolerant Campylobacter, detected in all the manures, was only found in two digestates at a concentration of cells ranging from <10 to 2.6 × 102 CFU/g. Listeria monocytogenes and C. botulinum were detected in three manures and four digestates. The bacterial counts of L. monocytogenes and C. botulinum did not exceed 3 × 102 and 14 MPN/g, respectively. C. botulinum type B was detected at very low level in both the manure and digestate of farm biogas plants with no botulism history. The levels of pathogenic bacteria in both manure and digestate suggested that some bacteria can persist throughout AD.

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Towards an understanding ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium persistence in swine

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil

Chlortetracycline Enhances Tonsil Colonization and Fecal Shedding of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 without Major Alterations to the Porcine Tonsillar and Intestinal Microbiota

Evaluation of the occurrence of sporulating and nonsporulating pathogenic bacteria in manure and in digestate of five agricultural biogas plants

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